Impact of Doctoral Research on Local Authority Policy and Practice

1. Impact of Doctoral Research on Local Authority Policy and Practice Tracey Colville (CPsychol) and Heather Gorton (CPsychol) City of Edinburgh Psychological Services Annual Conference for Educational Psychologists, 2012 For more information, email: tracey.colville@ea.edin.sch.uk Heather.gorton@ea.edin.sch.uk

2. Aims of the Workshop • To provide a brief overview of our research (20 mins) • To discuss the EP as research-practitioner • To evaluate the contribution of our research to changes in authority policy and practice • To invite you to consider possible avenues of research in your own authority • To share our own ‘highs and lows’ of doctoral study

3. Heather’s Doctoral Research

4. Overview • High levels of delayed school entry • Query re criteria to apply • Assumptions seemed to be made about ‘benefits’ • No long term follow up of children/outcomes • Voice of child not captured • Literature review-a lot of international research, very little Scottish research

5. Aims of study • To explore decision making process from a variety of perspectives • To set these against theoretical models of readiness • To follow the ‘journey’ of retained children from nursery through their first year of school • To focus particularly on transitions as part of this • To find a way to capture the views of the children involved

6. Methodology • ‘Case study’ qualitative approach adopted • 6 children and their families followed up over 2 years • Documentary analysis • Semi-structured interviews with key participants • Adapted mosaic methodology developed to capture children’s views

7. Results • Participants held and applied different models of school readiness • Tension in giving advice and making decision • Positives- ‘more time’ for assessment, development, parental acceptance of needs • Negatives- loss/reduction of services, child’s size/age in relation to peers, lowered teacher expectations of child’s potential • Most parents still happy with decision at end of P1 • Children joining P1 of NC school/more transition activities • Children moving to specialist provision less transition activities • Methodology to capture children’s views developed

8. Conclusion/Next Steps • Need to develop a more ‘interactionist’ approach (Meisels, 1998) to this issue: • Encourage parents and nursery staff to discuss pros and cons • Identify potential barriers • Discuss with school how to overcome/support these • Plan more effective transitions for children with complex needs • Involve parents more fully in the process • ‘Ready Schools’ rather than ‘Ready Children’

9. Tracey’s Doctoral Research

10. The mess of decision-making! Context of the study: Self-evaluation identified the need for a review of a local authority decision-making process for specialist educational provision for children with additional support needs (ASN). ‘It is a highly elaborate process for the allocation of places that seems to work most of the time. The psychologist advises on placement, the PAG advises on placement, and eventually we see the puff of white smoke.’ ‘I think the current system is an incentive for schools to give away their children.’

11. PAG as an activity system Tools: protocols, systems, models of practice, assessment tools, reports, language Outcomes: Appropriate educational placement offered Subject: Children and Families Services Support professionals Object: Assessing children’s needs Rules: Legislation, time, agreements Community: other professionals, family, peers Division of labour: traditional working practices

12. Key Tensions Within the Process • Partnership with parents • Multi-agency working • The role of the Educational Psychologist • Complex, non-transparent process • Lack of guidelines and criteria for process of admission to special schools • Inclusion vs Special Education - evidence base? • Meeting learners’ needs Compare with Lamb Inquiry Outcomes (2009 & 2010)

13. Aims of the study • To evaluate the extent to which Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and Developmental Work Research (DWR) are useful analytical and intervention tools for local authority organizational change processes (Engestrom 2007b, 1987) • To contribute to the change process of local authority policy and practice for children with ASN.

14. CHAT (Activity Theory) and DWR: Shaping and being shaped by... • Dialectical tradition – culturally mediated activity • Collaboration between researchers and practitioners • to resolve contradictions in complex work/learning contexts (schools, local authorities) • Expansive learning as cycles of change and development • Application of Vygotskian theory • DWR workshops as mediational mechanism to open up the ZPD of PAG activity to consider future practice • use of conceptual tools • Internalization and externalisation • Dual stimulation • everyday understandings to theoretical generalizations

15. Developmental Work Research (Engestrom, 1987) • Activity system as the unit of analysis • Multi-perspectives of PAG activity ‘multi-voicedness’ • ‘Time travel’ (historicity) – past, present, future PAG activity • Focus on sources of contradictions in individual and networks of (or collective) activity systems as force for change • By making contradictions explicit, new learning can occur within activity systems. • Reference to idea of ‘expansive learning’, achieved in DWR workshops or ‘change labs’

16. Applications of DWR Methodology • Application of Activity Theory and DWR to consider inter-professional working within local authority systems to support children and their families (Edwards et al, 2009). • Activity Theory framework provides a means of conceptualising the systems that exist when people work together on specific activities. • It is increasingly used to understand, investigate and make sense of social and professional practice and organizational change.

17. The Empirical Investigation • Information from two internal authority studies of the PAG process was used as ‘mirror’ data in the empirical investigation as catalysts for critical discussion. • Workshop activity led to a table of recommendations. Functioned as catalyst for an expansive cycle of change in authority processes • ‘centripetal potential’ – making inroads into central structures and processes • Three workshops based on a CHAT/ DWR interventionist methodology with ten participants: senior education professionals, strategic managers and the research-practitioner (EP) • The aim was to consider the PAG process in terms of systemic contradictions and to discuss the change potential of the authority to transform the process.

18. Hypothesising contradictions in PAG activity: The Perceptions of DWR Participants • Recommendations/ decisions may lead to inappropriate placement in which aspects of a child’s needs are not met • Placement decisions may be challenged • Outcomes of appeals/tribunals may lead to placement of child in a provision that may or may not meet needs • Assessment tools and criteria may make decision-making more difficult.: • Criteriavs unclear evidence on which decisions are based • Use of IQ vs contextual assessment methodology • Written communication with parents • Limited authority resources vs meeting children’s needs Outcomes of PAG activity Tools • PAG may be influenced by several factors and constraints: • Meeting individual needs vs needs of other children vs prioritisation criteria • Parental vs professional opinion • Need for the ‘mess of good decision-making vs transparency and clarity of decision-making criteria Object of PAG activity • Education professionals • Authority officers • Head teachers • Researcher-practitioner Subjects Rules Community Division of Labour The equity of the PAG process may be compromised because of national placing request and ASL legislation Assumption by some that special school meets needs better vs lack of evidence base to support some of these assumptions • There may be gaps, overlaps and dis-coordination within and between services that affect how needs are met: • There may be problematic partnerships with stakeholders

19. Key Turning Points in Expansion of Object of PAG Activity Review of PAG 1 Broaden scope of PAG review T T T T 2 O O O O DOL DOL DOL DOL Develop inclusive capacity of mainstream schools Re-configure services for children and families 3 • Mo 4

21. DWR workshop recommendations • Promote inclusive learning • Match needs to provision • Develop single planning process - new allocation model in alignment with GIRFEC service delivery model • More robust evidence of need • Develop & publish • Criteria for allocation of provision • Profiles of special schools and provisions • Guidelines for parents and professionals of the decision-making process • Consider professional roles in the process; emphasise the multi-disciplinary nature of the process • Develop a support and challenge role within new allocation model • Develop training for professionals • Create a more evidence-based process; commission on-going research to establish this

22. Developing a Shared Vision at the Organisational and Leadership Levels Re-examine provision and targeting of services Promote transformational change of services Develop an organizational culture of co-creation, learning and knowledge-sharing Involve families in the co-design of services with professionals Create resourceful and inclusive schools to meet learners’ needs Create an evidence-base for local authority decision-making and resource allocation

23. Evidence of impact of the DWR intervention New tools • PAG reconfigured within GIRFEC service delivery model • Child planning process and Case management • CMRGs developed – support and challenge function • Solution focused child planning meetings • Resilience matrix; well-being indicators • Child’s plan • Progressive intervention -ASL pathways and GIRFEC now aligned • Professional roles • Named person (not EP) gathers assessment information for CMRGS • Partnership working with children and families to find solutions • Tiered progressive intervention and evidence of reasonable adjustment • Object of activity • Meeting the development, learning and care needs of children and young people • Progressive and proportionate response to meeting needs locally • Commitment to inclusion

25. ‘Centripetal potential’ – making inroads into central structures and processes On-going EP involvement at strategic level: • PAG review group • GIRFEC • Language class provision development group • Secondary resources development group • Leading development day for CMRGs • To co-chair CMRG – P7-S1 transitions • Case management development group • Case management modelling group - poster

26. Research in your own authority • In pairs, discuss your authority’s priorities • What opportunities are there for EP research? • What would some of the challenges be doing this? 10mins + 5 min feedback

27. Impact of Research on Local Authority Policy and Practice

28. Impacting on policy and practice • Continuous process of change • Work embedded in authority plans, policy, practice • Application for deferrals (by 57%) • PAG allocation model replaced by case management process (GIRFEC) • Four groups called case management review groups. Aligned with pathway 3 (EY, primary, transition & secondary

29. The change process: Impact of inspection and research Before.... • Lack of coherent pathways or processes for EPS to link at authority/ strategic level • Limited influence on policy and practice • Unclear role of EP at operational and strategic level • Therefore limited research involvement • After.... • EPS continuous improvement planning directly linked to authority priorities • Research group • Strategic involv’t:New developments, policy, training • More influence on policy • Requests for consultation and advice from authority managers • Recognising the need for evidence-based practice and research in authority practice • EPS offers vehicle for research

30. The EP as research-practitioner • Aligning work with authority priorities • Applying theoretical models and evidence-based approaches • Action research as cyclical and on-going • ‘problem analyser, solution implementer and change evaluator’ Blacker (2009:34). On the role of the researcher in DWR interventions

31. Challenges of research in authority settings • Keeping to timescales • Juggling work as EP and research • Power imbalance • Resistance to change • Managing expectations • Challenging established views and assumptions • Risky activity (maingrade EP questioning authority processes) • Growing arms and legs.....

34. Doctoral survival kit • Very patient husband /partner • Time turner • Sympathetic boss • Perseverance • Determination • Putting life on hold and life happens • Saying goodbye to worry- free holidays

36. The last stand:Defending our theses!

37. So why do it? • Doing the research is absorbing /exciting /interesting.... • Enables you to have a different perspective • Raised the research profile of the service • Supports career progression • Promoting the profession • Leads to better outcomes for children and families