Sleep part

1. Sleep part Prepared by: Alia zulaikha Muhaimin Hanifamin

2. SLEEP • Sleep is a natural recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of  voluntary muscles. • It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than being in hibernation or a coma.

3. WHO NEED SLEEP • Sleep is a critical survival need, similar to eating, drinking and breathing. • All vertebrates, animals with a segmented spinal column, do sleep to some degree. • Fish and even reptilians or amphibians lower their sensory awareness for prolonged periods, similar to sleep in vertebrates. • More primitive living organisms such as bacteria or viruses that there is no need for sleep in such primitive organisms seem to be busy around the clock, because they are not aware of diurnal rhythms. • The need for sleep increases with the complexity of the organism and its nervous system.

4. How long animals sleep depend on size and metabolism.Larger animals (with a relatively low metabolic rate) tend to sleep less than smaller animals (with a relatively high metabolic rate

5. Mammals and birds • Opossums, sloths, bats: 19-20 hours daily • Cats, dogs, rodents: 12-15 hours daily • Ruminant herbivores: 2-3 hours daily • Reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects have cycles of inactivity • Sleep time does not correlate with waking activity levels, but does relate to waking vulnerability.

7. WHY DO WE SLEEP Restoration and recovery of body systems. • Need of an organism to replenish its energy stores and generally repair itself after a period of energy consumption and breakdown (wakefulness). • The brain remains active during sleep, and the low metabolic rate characteristic of sleep is thought to be conducive to biosynthetic reactions • Protection from predation. • Inactivity during sleep may minimize exposure to predators. Sleep decreases sensitivity to external stimuli and may, as a consequence, increase vulnerability to predation.

8. Brain development. • Sleep enables restorative processes in the brain to occur. • Proteins are rebuilt. • Energy supplies are replenished. • Moderate sleep deprivation results in impaired concentration, irritability, hallucinations, tremors, unpleasent mood, and decreased responses of the immune system. • Energy conservation. • During sleep less energy is utilized. • Muscular tension is reduced, heart-rate is • lowered, blood pressure is reduced, body • temperature is reduced. • Small animals (high metabolic expenditure) rest • more often during the day than larger animals

9. Memory consolidation • Sleep also plays an important role in enhancing learning and strengthening memory. • Performance on a newly learned task is often better the next day if adequate sleep is achieved during the night. • Increased brain activity occurs in the area of the brain activated by a newly learned task while one is asleep. • Prolonged sleep deprivation in animals results in: • Increased metabolic rate, appetite and body temperature. • Immune system failure and decrease in brain activity.

10. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM • refer, collectively, to the daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. • Control the sleep-wake cycle, modulate physical activity and food consumption, and over the course of the day regulate body temperature, heart rate, muscle tone, and hormone secretion. • Generated by neural structures in the hypothalamus that function as a biological clock.

12. SLEEP By: Abdul Muhaimin b. AbdWahab

13. Type of sleep

14. Sleep flow. • Individuals do not remain in REM sleep the remainder of the night but, rather, cycle between stages of NREM and REM throughout the night. • EEG (electroencephalogram)show patterns of brain wave activity. NREM STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 STAGE 4 REM

16. NON-RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (NREM) • Blood pressure, breathing, metabolic rate- depressed significantly. • No body movements. • Slow wave sleep- brain waves are very strong and very slow frequency. • Dreamless sleep but dreams and nightmares may occurred. • Not associated with movement and not remembered because it is not consolidated to memory. • Stage 1 and stage 2- light sleepStage 3 and stage 4- deep sleep (slow wave sleep)

17. Stage 1 • Lightest sleep. • Generally 3-12 minutes. • Easily interrupted by a disruptive noise )external environment). • EEG: rapid beta waves (wakefulness) replaced by slower alpha waves and then slowly start the theta waves.

18. Stage 2 • EEG: Frequency decreases while amplitude increases. • Requires more intense stimuli than in stage 1 to awaken. • Theta waves interrupted by series high frequency (sleep spindle) 1-2 seconds- generated by interaction between thalamic and cortical neurons. • Hypothesized that sleep spindles are important for memory consolidation. • Individuals who learn a new task have a significantly higher density of sleep spindles. • EEG: show higher amplitude wave (k-complex)

19. Stage 3 • Moderate to true deep sleep. • Referred to as slow-wave sleep (SWS), most of which occurs during the first third of the night. • Lasts only a few minutes. • EEG: Delta waves first appear, sleep spindle and k-complex occur but less common than stage 2.

20. Stage 4 • Deepest NREM. • Last NREM stage. • Lasts approximately 20 to 40 minutes in the first cycle. • EEG: dominated by Delta waves and neural activity overall is at lowest. • Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, brain’s temperature reduced under influenced parasympathetic neurons system. • Stage of children may have somnambulism (sleep walking and night terrors).

22. REM sleep • Presence of rapid eye movements during sleep. • Less restful than slow wave sleep. • Associated with dreaming and bodily muscle movements. • Heart rate and breathing become irregular during dreaming. • Brain extremely active. • Known as paradoxical sleep- paradox (one can be asleep yet brain is incredibly active). • REM period may last only 1 to 5 minutes (initially). • It becomes progressively prolonged as the sleep episode progresses.

26. Sleep disorder Sleep Disorder by Hanif

27. Sometimes I bedwetting…hurrmm Do you have sleep disorder doggie?? Let see this video!!!

28. Definition of sleep disorder • A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a human or animal. • Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental and emotional functioning. • disturbed sleep patterns as a sign of old age, disease or life-altering illness.

29. Several types of sleep disorder • Dyssomnias • Parasomnias • Psychiatric problems • Transmitted disease – zoonotic factor

30. Dyssomnias chronic sleep disorder • Narcolepsy- Doberman pinschers and Labrador retrievers • Insomnia – sleeplessness/difficulty to fall asleep or maintaining sleep. • SBD – hypopnea syndrome, snoring (Persian cats and bulldogs. Why??? • Restless leg syndrome – uncomfortable position/environment or an itch-you-can’t-scratch. • Hypersomnia – Kleine-Levin Syndrome or KLS (also known as Sleeping Beauty Syndrome) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurring periods of excessive amounts of sleeping and eating

31. Parasomnias A category of sleep disorders that involve abnormal and unnatural movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams in connection with sleep. • Sleepwalking (or somnambulism). • Bruxism (Tooth-grinding). • Bedwettingor sleep enuresis. • Sleep talking (or somniloquy). • Exploding head syndrome - Waking up in the night hearing loud noises.

32. Psychiatric Condition Medical or Psychiatric Conditions that may produce sleep disorders. • Psychosis (such as Schizophrenia – mental disorder). • Mood disorders • Depression • Anxiety • Panic

33. Transmitted Disease Sleeping sickness • a parasitic disease which can be transmitted by the Tsetse fly. • Insomnia at night

34. Dreaming?? • Usually occurs during REM sleep phase. • Dogs do have leg movements, facial twitching, vocalizations, and tail movements. Therefore, it might be likely they are having a dream. Watch this video!!!