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Making the Modern World . The Century We Became Us. Inventions 1800-1900. Steamship, 1807 Telegraph 1837 Automobile 1884 Bicycle 1885 Camera (film) 1888 Dynamite 1866 Dynamo 1871 Elevator, 1852 Electric Iron 1882. Electric Motor 1837 Phonograph 1877 Typewriter 1867 Welding 1877
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Inventions 1800-1900 • Steamship, 1807 • Telegraph 1837 • Automobile 1884 • Bicycle 1885 • Camera (film) 1888 • Dynamite 1866 • Dynamo 1871 • Elevator, 1852 • Electric Iron 1882 • Electric Motor 1837 • Phonograph 1877 • Typewriter 1867 • Welding 1877 • Sewing Machine 1846 • Light Bulb 1879 • Telephone 1876 • Blast Furnace 1856 • Electric Stove 1896
Overcoming limitations • Limitations of Space • Limitations of Time
Limitations of Time • Food Preservation • Telecommunications • Lighting • Rapid Production • Growth of Leisure
Europe - Early 1800's • Coal + Heat = Coke. • Coking, originally developed on a large scale for steel making, gives off: • Liquid Fuels • Gases • Coking gases lead to piped Gas Lamps. Demand for gas soon leads to a gas industry in its own right.
Lighting in America • 1830 Whale Oil: Except in cities, America too dispersed for piped gas. Need for portable high-quality fuel answered by whale oil. • 1860 Kerosene Lamp: Kerosene developed as a substitute for increasingly scarce whale oil. • 1876 Electric Light • 1920 Bulb-blowing Machinery. Brought light bulbs down in cost from dollars to pennies. One of the oldest unchanged mass-production devices.
Social Impact of Lighting • Community life • Safer to go out at night • Places to go: theaters, social gatherings, etc. • More Effective Use of Leisure Time • Easier to Read • Adult Education for Working Classes • Demand for more Leisure Time
The Role of Communications • You can’t have skyscrapers without telephones • Mail delivery financed transportation technology • Railroads, 19th Century • Air Travel, 20th Century
Effects of Overcoming Time • Time only matters if it's yours • More Leisure • More Effective Use of Leisure • More Experiences
Limitations of Space • Space = Time if you have to move slowly • Railroad (Bulk Transport) • Personal Transportation • Air (Personal and Cargo)
Overcoming Space: Canals • 1800's Canals in England • 1825 Erie Canal: Access to Great Lakes and West • 1856 Soo Canal: Iron to feed U.S. steel industry • The age of canals was short, and canals don't look very impressive on the map, but they were a critical link in transportation history
Railroads • 1800 Prototypes in Mines • 1829 Manchester-Liverpool, England • 1835 1000 Miles in US • 1840 3000 Miles in US • 1860 30,000 Miles in US • 1869 Transcontinental
Effects of the Railroad • Opening of Markets • Rise of Consumer Goods • Exploitation of Colonies-but- • Third World (especially India) Rail Systems
Effects of Overcoming Space • Manufacturer - Access to Raw Materials • Seller - Access to Markets • Consumer - Access to Goods • The railroad created the consumer society
Inventing Christmas • Christmas as we know it is mostly 19th century • Very much dependent on the evolution of a consumer society
Pre-1800 Christmas Traditions • 735 AD, St. Bede named the magi: Melchior, Gaspar Balthazar (black) • 12th Century O Come O Come Emmanuel (English 1851) • Other carols with old roots: The First Noel, Angels We Have Heard on High, What Child is This, God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen, Deck The Halls, 12 Days of Christmas (Most Lyrics 19th C) • Luther??? Away in a Manger (English 1885) • 1719 Joy to the World • 1739 Hark the Herald Angels Sing (Words by Charles Wesley, Music by Mendelssohn 1840) • 1742 Handel’s Messiah • 1743 O Come all ye Faithful (English 1885)
1800's Carols • 1818 Silent Night • 1847 O Holy Night (1st music on radio?) • 1848 Once in Royal David's City • 1850 It Came Upon A Midnight Clear • 1857 We Three Kings • 1863 I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day • 1868 O Little Town of Bethlehem • 1857 Jingle Bells
Christmas Evolves • Legal Holiday (Alabama 1836 – Federal 1870 – Oklahoma 1907) • 1834 Charles Dickens “A Christmas Carol” • 1841 First Christmas Tree in England • 1843 Xmas Cards (X = Xρηστος) • Mass Produced Christmas Ornaments • 1850’s Germany • 1870’s England • 1880’s U.S. • 1882 Christmas Lights
Santa Claus • Fusion of Dutch and English traditions • 1822, Clement Clark Moore, “The Night Before Christmas” • 1860’s Thomas Nast creates modern image of Santa Claus • 1897 New York Sun “Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus”
20th Century • 1916 Carol of the Bells (Melody, Lyrics 1936) • 1934 Winter Wonderland • 1942 White Christmas • 1944 Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas • 1946 Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire (The Christmas Song) • 1948 Sleigh Ride • 1949 Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer • 1950 Frosty the Snowman • 1951 Silver Bells • 1958 Little Drummer Boy • 1962 Do You Hear What I Hear?
Christmas Factoids • Carol of the Bells originated as a Ukrainian New Year’s Carol, 1916. The English lyrics (1936) have no relation to the original words • Do You Hear What I Hear? written by Noel Regney and Gloria Shayne in 1962, was written as an appeal for peace in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis
Urban Sprawl • Steamboat suburbs, 1830’s • Railroad suburbs by 1850’s • “Commuter, “ 1865 • Planned suburbs, late 1800’s • Streetcars and Interurban railroads
Los Angeles doesn’t sprawl because it has freeways --Los Angeles built freeways because it sprawls
The Downside of Light Rail • Lines were very unprofitable • Owners invested in real estate • Ironically, light rail created urban sprawl • Sometimes built amusement parks at the end of the line • Lines frequently serviced owners’ developments and bypassed others
If You Think Cars Pollute, Consider Horses • New York City generated thousands of tons of horse manure a day • Horses often cruelly overworked • 15,000 horses a year died on the streets of New York each year • Many were just abandoned
Roads • 1790: Nicolas Cugnot, prototype steam carriage • 1800’s: Thomas Telford • Old-style roads damaged by wheels • Well-graded roads damaged by horses’ hooves • By 1830’s, Britain (finally) had roads better than the Roman Empire
Roads and Vested Interests • Telford advocated steam carriages to reduce wear on roads • Prototypes actually ran in 1830’s • Stiff opposition from stagecoach operators, who held mail contracts • Stagecoach operators eventually eclipsed by railroads • Delayed advent of auto by half century
Personal Transportation • Bicycle: toy for rich in 1830’s • Fully modern design by 1880’s • First true personal transportation • Not bound by streetcar routes • Doesn’t need to be fed • Unchaperoned women (Gasp!) • Pioneered mass production technology and metallurgy for automobile
George B. Selden: “Inventor” of the Automobile • Foresaw mechanized transport coming • Took out a patent in 1879 on a largely imaginary “road engine” • Delayed issuance of the patent for 16 years (1895) • Collected royalties for 17 years despite doing nothing for the technology • Selden’s gimmick led to reforms