HOW HAS THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGED SINCE 1900?

1. How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? L.O To evaluate the changing role and status of women since 1900. By the end of this lesson... ALL OF US will be able to identify how specific developments improved the lives of women and describe them. (E-D) EVEN BETTER IF you can explain how specific developments improved the lives of women, and identify areas where life did not improve. (C) EXCELLENT IF you can give developed explanations as to how these developments affected the lives of specific groups of women. (B) CHALLENGE: CAN YOU ANALYSE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE DEVELOPMENTS IMPROVED THE LIVES OF WOMEN?

2. HOW HAS THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGED SINCE 1900? 1900-1914 The role of women has changed significantly since 1900. for each of the periods on my left identify the key changes in the period and in one sentence, describe the role and status of women in that period. 1930s 1940s-1960s 1970s - present

3. HOW HAS THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGED SINCE 1900? Changes in family sizes Marie Stopes Traditional role of rich women. Domestic technology NHS Increased expectations 1930s/ means test Traditional role of poor women. Slum clearance Increased leisure time New build houses

4. Describe the traditional role of women. (4 marks) Traditionally the role of women was very much in the domestic sphere. In more affluent families the woman would support her husband by organising the staff at their home, supervising the education of their children and organising social events to enhance the social reputation of the husband. In working class families it was often said that the woman’s day was longer than the man’s as their was a great deal of work to be done at home to support the family including washing, cooking and bringing up their children. 1-2 marks Brief overview, lacks detail. 3-4 marks More detailed and accurate description 4 marks More detailed and accurate description

5. What problems does this table highlight? What does this table suggest about family sizes in the twentieth century? Why do you think the birth rate has decreased?

6. WROTE FIRST LITERATURE ADVISING PEOPLE ON BIRTH CONTRIL, THAT WAS AVAILABLE TO WOMEN. THESE BOOKS WERE MARRIED LOVE AND WISE PARENTHOOD OPENED FIRST CLINIC TO ADVISE WOMEN ON THE USE OF BIRTH CONTROL IN NORTH LONDON. GAVE WOMEN MORE CONTROL OVER THEIR BODIES AND LIVES BY GIVING THEM INFORMATION ON THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO THEM. IMPROVED THE HEALTH OF WOMEN. Marie Stopes

7. The pill was introduced in the US in 1960 then was introduced into the UK in 1961, but only to married women. • The use of the combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancer. • The risk of breast cancer increases with the length of use of the COC pill. • Oral contraceptive use is a highly effective form of contraception. Gallstones occur more frequently in oral contraceptive pill users. In 1974 when family planning clinics were allowed to prescribe single women with the pill - a controversial decision at the time. Allows women more control over their body and their reproductive cycle.

8. HOW DOES THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGE IN THE 1930’s? HOWEVER Many factory workers lost their jobs due to the Wall Street Crash. • In the affluent South East, there was no desperation. • Period of slum clearance with better, more specious housing being built. Many women became the main breadwinners as they were cheaper to employ as they had no union agreed terms of pay. To ‘make end meet’ many families survived on a diet of bread and margarine. If there was not enough food to go around it was the women who went without. Many grew prematurely old . To qualify for unemployment benefits they had to go through the ‘means test’. Government officials came to your home, checked the wages of every wage earner, and made them sell off any unnecessary items. Only those who were desperate qualified for these benefits.

9. The Beveridge Report was presented by its author, Sir William Beveridge, to the British parliament in November 1942. It provided a summary of principles necessary to banish poverty and 'want' from Britain - Beveridge's mantra throughout the report was 'Abolition of want'. 1946 Parliament passed the revolutionary National Insurance Act. It instituted a comprehensive state health service, effective from 5th July 1948. The Act provided for compulsory contributions for unemployment, sickness, maternity and widows' benefits and old age pensions from employers and employees, with the government funding the balance. 'Now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind, is the opportunity for using experience in a clear field. A revolutionary moment in the world's history is a time for revolutions, not for patching.' WillaimBeveridge Aneurin Bevan The National Insurance Act created the structure of the Welfare State and after the passing of the National Health Service Act in 1948, people in Britain were provided with free diagnosis and treatment of illness, at home or in hospital, as well as dental and ophthalmic services. As Minister of Health, Aneurin Bevan was now in charge of 2,688 hospitals in England and Wales.

10. Introduction of Family Allowances in 1945 to support second and subsequent children. (encourage population growth) Led to Statuatory Maternity pay for women Led to free prescriptions on NHS By 1979 Child benefits replaces this Created welfare state, to tackle poverty. State pension for older women.

11. Many working class women had never had access to qualified medical professionals before as they had to pay. Many men had health insurance through their jobs, but this did not extend to their families. Guaranteed Maternity care – pre-natal and ante-natal care. This made having children safer for the parent and the child. How does the NHS benefit women? Free screening for cancers such as cervical and breast. Child welfare clinics to improve health of family Led to longer, healthier lives.

12. How important have developments in birth control been for women? (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description Birth control has been an important and controversial issue. Marie Stopes’ Married Love (1918) had won support for the use of contraception by married couples; she argued for the careful spacing of pregnancies which would be beneficial for the health of both mother and child. In the face of much opposition, Stopes opened her first birth-control clinic in London in 1921. In the 1930s, local authorities were allowed to provide information about contraception. In the 1960s, the birth control pill became widely available. This has led to the reduction in family sizes and helped to improve the health of mother and child and has given parents more choice, but with some potential health concerns. Developments in birth control have been important because they have helped to change views about women in employment. In 1952, the Ministry of Labour argued that employers should employ people who were able and willing to work whatever their age, including married women. Since the 1960s, the pill has given women an added freedom of choice, so that more women can now delay having their first child until they are in their 30s, so that they can have a career as well as a family. 3-4 marks Explains how the development of birth control changed womens’ lives 5 marks Brief overview, lacks specific details 5-6 marks Developed explanation, balanced judgement with counter argument.

13. The “Slum Clearance” programs of the 1940s and 1950s knocked down many of the old, run-down terraces that had been built during the Victorian period. Slum Clearance They were replaced with new houses, often built on large housing estates, or pre-fabricated houses that were built quickly and cheaply. These new houses all had new amenities as well, such as piped gas, piped water and central heating, all of which came with the added responsibility of increased bills and higher rents. Other people were not so lucky and ended up in high-rise tower blocks where people lost their sense of identity.

14. Explain why increased free time has changed the lives of women in recent times. (5 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. WEBSITES 3-5 marks Explains multiple ways that women made ‘end meet’. LEISURE/ FITNESS MAGAZINES