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WHAT IS THE CORIOLIS EFFECT?

WHAT IS THE CORIOLIS EFFECT?. The Apparent Deflection of Objects Moving Across the Surface of the Earth from Their Intended Path. Derives from objects (air) moving across a moving frame of reference (the rotating latitude longitude grid of the world). Earth Rotating in

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WHAT IS THE CORIOLIS EFFECT?

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  1. WHAT IS THE CORIOLIS EFFECT?

  2. The Apparent Deflection of Objects Moving Across the Surface of the Earth from Their Intended Path. Derives from objects (air) moving across a moving frame of reference (the rotating latitude longitude grid of the world)

  3. Earth Rotating in anti-clockwise direction Instructions: Cut along dotted line!

  4. Circumference at Equator: 40,077km (24,905 miles). Rotates once per 24 hrs, thus linear velocity = 40,077/24 = 1670 km. hr-1 (1041 mph)

  5. 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  6. 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  7. 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  8. 30° 34797km 1450 km.hr-1 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  9. 40° 30819km 1284 km.hr-1 30° 34797km 1450 km.hr-1 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  10. 50° 25876km 1078 km.hr-1 40° 30819km 1284 km.hr-1 30° 34797km 1450 km.hr-1 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  11. 60° 20121km 838 km.hr-1 50° 25876km 1078 km.hr-1 40° 30819km 1284 km.hr-1 30° 34797km 1450 km.hr-1 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  12. 70° 13749km 573 km.hr-1 60° 20121km 838 km.hr-1 50° 25876km 1078 km.hr-1 40° 30819km 1284 km.hr-1 30° 34797km 1450 km.hr-1 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  13. 80° 6990km 291 km.hr-1 70° 13749km 573 km.hr-1 60° 20121km 838 km.hr-1 50° 25876km 1078 km.hr-1 40° 30819km 1284 km.hr-1 30° 34797km 1450 km.hr-1 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity

  14. 80° 6990km 291 km.hr-1 70° 13749km 573 km.hr-1 60° 20121km 838 km.hr-1 50° 25876km 1078 km.hr-1 40° 30819km 1284 km.hr-1 30° 34797km 1450 km.hr-1 20° 37771km 1574 km.hr-1 10° 39548km 1648 km.hr-1 0° 40077km 1670 km.hr-1 Lat. Circum. Velocity All latitudes rotate with the same ANGULAR VELOCITY (360°/24hrs) 15°.hr-1. However LINEAR VELOCITIES change with latitude.

  15. Rudolf’s View of half a Year’s Work! Earth Rotating in anti-clockwise direction

  16. Merry-go-round is moving frame of reference Trees are fixed frame of reference Merry-go-round is rotating in anti-clockwise direction. Like Earth rotating in anti-clockwise direction Person in center of merry-go-round throws purple ball towards friend (red) on the merry-go-round

  17. Moving frame of reference. Fixed frame of reference

  18. Moving frame of reference. Fixed frame of reference

  19. Moving frame of reference. Fixed frame of reference

  20. Moving frame of reference. Fixed frame of reference

  21. Moving frame of reference. Fixed frame of reference

  22. Moving frame of reference. Fixed frame of reference

  23. CORIOLIS EFFECT • Objects moving across the surface of the Earth in the North hemisphere appear to be deflected to the right of their intended path.

  24. CORIOLIS EFFECT • Objects moving across the surface of the Earth in the North hemisphere appear to be deflected to the right of their intended path. • Objects moving across the surface of the Earth in the South hemisphere appear to be deflected to the left of their intended path.

  25. CORIOLIS EFFECT • Objects moving across the surface of the Earth in the North hemisphere appear to be deflected to the right of their intended path. • Objects moving across the surface of the Earth in the (?)South hemisphere appear to be deflected to the left of their intended path.

  26. IS THE CORIOLIS EFFECT A GEOGRAPHIC VARIABLE? Does its effect vary over the surface of the Earth?

  27. 4000 3000 2000 1000 10°N, San José 10° Very small decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  28. 4000 Slightly larger decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 3000 2000 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 20° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  29. 4000 Slightly larger decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 3000 2000 30°N, Gainesville 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 30° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  30. 4000 Slightly larger decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 3000 40°N, Philadelphia 2000 30°N, Gainesville 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 40° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  31. Larger decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 4000 50°N, Southampton 3000 40°N, Philadelphia 2000 30°N, Gainesville 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 50° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  32. Large decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 4000 60°N, Reykjavik 50°N, Southampton 3000 40°N, Philadelphia 2000 30°N, Gainesville 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 60° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  33. 4000 70°N 60°N, Reykjavik 50°N, Southampton 3000 40°N, Philadelphia 2000 30°N, Gainesville Large decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 70° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  34. 4000 80°N 70°N 60°N, Reykjavik 50°N, Southampton 3000 40°N, Philadelphia 2000 30°N, Gainesville Large decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 80° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  35. 90°N 4000 80°N 70°N 60°N, Reykjavik 50°N, Southampton 3000 40°N, Philadelphia 2000 30°N, Gainesville Largest decrease in radius. (& linear velocity) 20°N, Guantanamo 1000 10°N, San José 90° 0 2000 3000 1000 4000

  36. Change in linear velocities of various parallels of latitude (horizontal slices) increases with higher latitudes. Differences in linear velocities of the parallels cause the Coriolis effect, therefore the Coriolis effect is minimal at the Equator (small changes in linear velocities) and a maximum at the Poles (largest changes in linear velocities).

  37. Velocity Distance per unit time Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time + Change in Velocity Distance 0 - Time Time t = 0 Two truckers (yellow and blue trucks) meet at rest stop at the intersection of a North-South and an East West highway. The truckers are communicating by CB.

  38. FIXED FRAME OF REFERENCE (Yellow truck stationary) Velocity Distance per unit time Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time + Change in Velocity Distance 0 - Time Time The blue truck leaves the rest stop heading north up the highway while the yellow truck stays at the rest stop. The truckers continue to communicate by CB, using the strength of the signal to measure how quickly they are moving apart (velocity) and how quickly that velocity is changing (acceleration). The Coriolis effect is an acceleration. t = 1 t = 0

  39. Velocity Distance per unit time Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time + Change in Velocity Distance 0 - Time Time 2 t = 1 t = 0

  40. Velocity Distance per unit time Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time + Change in Velocity Distance 0 - Time Time 3 2 t = 1 t = 0

  41. Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time + Change in Velocity Distance 0 - Time Time 4 3 2 t = 1 t = 0

  42. Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time + Change in Velocity Distance 0 - 5 Time Time 4 3 2 t = 1 t = 0

  43. Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time + Change in Velocity Distance 0 6 - 5 Time Time 4 3 2 t = 1 t = 0

  44. Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time 7 + Change in Velocity Distance 0 6 - 5 Time Time 4 3 2 t = 1 t = 0

  45. Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time 8 7 + Change in Velocity Distance 0 6 - 5 Time Time 4 3 2 t = 1 t = 0 The “acceleration” term stays fixed at zero – i.e. blue truck moving away from yellow truck of fixed position at constant velocity (40 mph).

  46. Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time Increase in Linear velocity 4 + Change in Velocity Distance 3 0 - 2 Time Time t = 1 t = 0 Even if the blue truck goes at twice the velocity (80 mph), forcing the distance/time graph to the left, acceleration remains at zero (neither moving apart faster or slower).

  47. MOVING FRAME OF REFERENCE (Yellow truck also moving) Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time 8 7 + Change in Velocity Distance 6 5 Time Time 4 3 2 1 t = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The yellow truck heads East at the same speed (40 mph) as the blue truck is heading north. With the frame of reference (yellow truck) itself now moving the distance between the two increases more with each passing time period and so the velocity of their separation increases with time (blue up-turned function). The rate of this change (acceleration) is positive (increasing steadily). Coriolis is acceleration.

  48. MOVING FRAME OF REFERENCE (blue truck having doubled its speed) Velocity Distance per unit time Acceleration Change in Velocity per unit time 4 + Change in Velocity Distance 3 Time Time 2 1 t = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The velocity of separation between the trucks is now greater ( steeper blue up turned function). The rate of this change (acceleration) is even more positive (increasing steadily). Acceleration increased. Coriolis effect is an acceleration.

  49. CORIOLIS EFFECT The higher the linear velocity of the moving object (blue truck’s velocity) relative to the moving frame of reference, the greater the Coriolis acceleration. Winds blowing quickly (steep pressure gradient) will be deflected to a greater extent and those moving slowly will be deflected less (lower pressure gradient)

  50. CORIOLIS EFFECT Quantitative Expression Coriolis Effect proportional to: -2Ω . V. Sin (φ). where: Ω = angular velocity of earth (360°/24hrs) V = linear velocity of moving object Φ = latitude

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