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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Management of Quality. Quality is the ability of a product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer expectations. . What does the term quality mean?. Quality Assurance vs. Strategic Approach. Quality Assurance

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Management of Quality

  2. Quality is the ability of a product or service to consistently meet or exceed customer expectations. What does the term quality mean?

  3. Quality Assurance vs. Strategic Approach • Quality Assurance • Emphasis on finding and correcting defects before reaching market • Strategic Approach • Proactive, focusing on preventing mistakes from occurring • Greater emphasis on customer satisfaction

  4. Key Contributors to QM

  5. Performance - main characteristics of the product/service Aesthetics - appearance, feel, smell, taste Special Features - extra characteristics Conformance - how well product/service conforms to customer’s expectations Reliability - consistency of performance Durability - useful life of the product/service Perceived Quality - indirect evaluation of quality (e.g. reputation) Serviceability - service after sale Dimensions of Quality

  6. Examples of Quality Dimensions

  7. Convenience Reliability Responsiveness Time Assurance Courtesy Tangibles Service Quality

  8. Examples of Service Quality

  9. Customer expectations often change Different customers have different expectations Each customer contact is a “moment of truth” Customer participation can affect perception of quality Fail-safing must be designed into the system Challenges with Service Quality

  10. Quality of design Intension of designers to include or exclude features in a product or service Quality of conformance The degree to which goods or services conform to the intent of the designers Determinants of Quality

  11. Loss of business Liability Productivity Costs The Consequences of Poor Quality

  12. Failure Costs Internal Failure Costs- before customer External Failure Costs- after customer Appraisal Costs Costs of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects Prevention Costs All TQ training, TQ planning, customer assessment, process control, and quality improvement costs to prevent defects from occurring Costs of Quality

  13. Having knowledge of this and failing to correct and report it in a timely manner is unethical. Substandard work Defective products Substandard service Poor designs Shoddy workmanship Substandard parts and materials Ethics and Quality

  14. Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award • 1.0 Leadership (125 points) • 2.0 Strategic Planning (85 points) • 3.0 Customer and Market Focus (85 points) • 4.0 Information and Analysis (85 points) • 5.0 Human Resource Focus (85 points) • 6.0 Process Management (85 points) • 7.0 Business Results (450 points) Quality Awards

  15. ISO 9000 Set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance, critical to international business ISO 14000 A set of international standards for assessing a company’s environmental performance Quality Certification

  16. ISO 9000 Quality Management Principles • Customer focus • Leadership • People involvement • Process approach • A systems approach to management • Continual improvement • Factual approach to decision making • Mutually beneficial supplier relationships

  17. ISO 14000 - A set of international standards for assessing a company’s environmental performance Standards in three major areas Management systems Operations Environmental systems ISO 14000

  18. A philosophy that involves everyone in an organization in a continual effort to improve quality and achieve customer satisfaction. Total Quality Management T Q M

  19. Continual improvement Philosophy that seeks to make never-ending improvements to the process of converting inputs into outputs. Kaizen: Japanese word for continuous improvement. Competitive benchmarking Employee empowerment Team approach Decisions based on facts Knowledge of tools Elements of TQM • Supplier quality • Champion • Quality at the source • Suppliers

  20. Six sigma: A business process for improving quality, reducing costs, and increasing customer satisfaction. Statistically Having no more than 3.4 defects per million Conceptually Program designed to reduce defects Requires the use of certain tools and techniques Six Sigma Based on Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques, the Six Sigma management strategy was developed in 1986 to support Motorola’s drive towards reducing defects by minimizing variation in processes

  21. Lack of: Company-wide definition of quality Strategic plan for change Customer focus Real employee empowerment Strong motivation Time to devote to quality initiatives Leadership Poor inter-organizational communication View of quality as a “quick fix” Emphasis on short-term financial results Internal political and “turf” wars Obstacles to Implementing TQM

  22. Blind pursuit of TQM programs Programs may not be linked to strategies Quality-related decisions may not be tied to market performance Failure to carefully plan a program Criticisms of TQM

  23. Define the problem and establish an improvement goal Define measures and collect data Analyze the problem Generate potential solutions Choose a solution Implement the solution Monitor the solution to see if it accomplishes the goal Plan Act Do Study Basic Steps in Problem Solving

  24. Process improvement - a systematic approach to improving a process Process mapping Analyze the process Redesign the process Tools There are a number of tools that can be used for problem solving and process improvement Tools aid in data collection and interpretation, and provide the basis for decision making Process Improvement and Tools

  25. Select a process Document Study/document Evaluate Seek ways to Improve it Implement the Improved process Design an Improved process The Process Improvement Cycle

  26. Flowcharts Check sheets Histograms Pareto Charts Scatter diagrams Control charts Cause-and-effect diagrams Run charts Basic Quality Tools

  27. Monday • Billing Errors • Wrong Account • Wrong Amount • A/R Errors • Wrong Account • Wrong Amount Check Sheet

  28. Number of defects Offcenter Smeared print Missing label Other Loose Pareto Analysis • 80% of the problems may be attributed to 20% of the causes.

  29. 1020 UCL 1010 1000 990 LCL 980 970 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Control Chart

  30. Methods Materials Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Cause Effect Environment People Equipment Cause-and-Effect Diagram

  31. Diameter Time (Hours) Run Chart

  32. UCL UCL UCL LCL LCL Additional improvements made to the process LCL Process centered and stable Process not centered and not stable Tracking Improvements

  33. Brainstorming Quality circles Interviewing Benchmarking 5W2H A method of asking questions about a process that includes what, why, ?, where, who, how and how much. Methods for Generating Ideas

  34. Team approach List reduction Balance sheet Paired comparisons Quality Circles

  35. Identify a critical process that needs improving Identify an organization that excels in this process Contact that organization Analyze the data Improve the critical process Benchmarking Process

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