PSYC 1120 Day 7 (Week #4) September 26, 2012

1. PSYC 1120Day 7 (Week #4)September 26, 2012

2. Agenda • Finish prenatal development

3. Three Trimesters • The germinal and embryonic periods occur in the first trimester • The fetal period begins toward the end of the first trimester and continues through the second and third trimesters • Viability (the chances of surviving outside the womb) occurs at the beginning of the third trimester. • Age of viability – about 23-24 weeks on average

4. The Fetal Period • Fetal period begins two months after conception and lasts for seven months • Three months after conception-- fetus is about 3 inches long; weighs about 3 ounces • At birth, the average American baby weighs 7 ½ pounds and is about 20 inches long

5. Multiple Births • Monozygotic - identical • One ovum and one sperm • Splits early in the process of dividing • Must be the same sex • Dizygotic – fraternal • Several ova each fertilized • No more alike than other siblings • May be boys, girls or one (some ) of each • Increased incidence with fertility technology

6. Conjoined Twins • Monozygotic twins who do not completely separate • Parts develop individually and other parts develop and grow together • Example: the Hensel twins from Minnesota

8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZUzi0RhBpM&NR=1&feature=endscreenhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZUzi0RhBpM&NR=1&feature=endscreen • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISlXC33N2b4

9. Teratogens • Despite complexity, most babies are born healthy • Most hazards are avoidable • Teratology—study of birth defects • teratogens—broad range of substances that can cause environmental insults that may cause prenatal abnormalities or later learning abilities

10. Timing of Exposure • Critical period—in prenatal development, the time when a particular organ or other body part is most susceptible to teratogenic damage • entire embryonic period is critical

11. Amount of Exposure • Dose and/or frequency • Threshold effect—teratogen relatively harmless until exposure reaches a certain level

12. Amount of Exposure, cont. • Interaction effect—risk of harm increases if exposure to teratogen occurs at the same time as exposure to another teratogen or risk

13. The Birth Process • The Birth Process • first stage -- contractions cause the woman’s cervix to stretch and open • longest of the three stages • typically lasts 12 to 24 hours • second stage begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix • 45 minutes – 1 ½ hours, depending on number of pregnancies

14. third stage is afterbirth • placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled • shortest of the three birth stages

15. Where and Who? • Where do births take place? • In U.S., 99% take place in hospitals • Home births are far more common in many other countries • Who assists? • Obstetricians and nurses • Fathers or birth coaches • Midwives • Doula -- a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

16. Cesarean Delivery • Breech position – buttocks rather than head emerge first • Can prevent the baby from breathing normally • Cesarean delivery -- the baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen • May be lifesaving but carry the risks of major surgery

17. From Fetus to Newborn • Anoxia -- fetus or newborn has an insufficient supply of oxygen • Cause of brain damage • Immediately after birth, the umbilical cord is cut and the baby is on its own • Almost immediately after birth, a newborn is taken to be weighed, cleaned up, and tested

18. Apgar Scale • Used to assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 minutes after birth • A score, or reading, of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these five health signs • heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability • identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation.

19. Apgar Scoring • Activity (muscle tone)0 — Limp; no movement1 — Some flexion of arms and legs2 — Active motion • Pulse (heart rate)0 — No heart rate1 — Fewer than 100 beats per minute2 — At least 100 beats per minute • http://www.babycenter.com/0_the-apgar-score_3074.bc

20. Grimace (reflex response)0 — No response to airways being suctioned1 — Grimace during suctioning2 — Grimace and pull away, cough,or sneeze during suctioning • Appearance (color)0 — The baby's whole body is completely bluish-gray or pale1 — Good color in body with bluish hands or feet2 — Good color all over • Respiration (breathing)0 — Not breathing1 — Weak cry; may sound like whimpering, slow or irregular breathing2 — Good, strong cry; normal rate and effort of breathing

21. Threats to Newborns • Low birth weight • LBW -- less than 5 ½ pounds at birth • Very low birth weight - under 3 pounds • Extremely low birth weight - under 2 pounds. • Preterm • born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term • Small-for-date • birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered

22. Amillia Taylor

23. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/story?id=2890242&page=1 • Amillia Sonja Taylor, born Oct. 24, 2006 after just under 22 weeks in the womb, will spend a few extra days in a Florida hospital as a precaution. Amillia, now a relatively robust 4½ pounds, was 9½ inches long and weighed 10 ounces at birth. (Baptist Hospital via The Miami Herald/AP Photo) (2007)

26. 2/21/2007

28. Amillia Taylor now weighs 17 pounds and measures 27 1/2 inches long. Her favorite foods are watermelon and bananas, and she has begun self-feeding and loves to laugh, play, and interact with her family members. • Despite the emotional ups and downs of the year since Amillia's birth, Taylor knows she would do it all over again if given a choice.http://www.iparenting.com/mom/5458.php

29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fejTulMNaPM • October 2008 • Amillia is also taking steps in their Homestead home and sounding out her few words and developmentally progressing very well. • 26 pounds 26 ½ inches tall

30. Incidences and Causes of Low Birth Weight • Low birth weight and preterm births often occur together • Incidence of low birth weight varies considerably from country to country • Related to • Poverty • Maternal health status • Maternal nutrition

31. Consequences of Low Birth Weight • More health and developmental problems than normal-weight infants (Moss, 2006). • At school age, more likely to have a learning disability, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or breathing problems such as asthma (Wocadlo & Rieger, 2006).

32. Bonding • Bonding -- formation of a connection, especially a physical bond, between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth • Bonding is inhibited by • Anesthesia during labor • Hospital policies that separate mothers from infants

33. The Postpartum Period • Postpartum period -- lasts for about six weeks after childbirth or delivery or until the mother’s body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly prepregnant state • Physical and psychological adjustments

34. Physical Adjustments • Fatigue can undermine the new mother’s sense of well-being and confidence in her ability to cope with a new baby • Dramatic changes in hormone production • Involution -- process by which the uterus returns to its pre-pregnant size

35. Emotional and Psychological Adjustments • Baby blues -- two to three days after birth, many women begin to feel depressed, anxious, and upset • Postpartum depression -- a major depressive episode about four weeks after delivery • strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that for at least a two-week period inhibit coping with daily tasks

36. The First Year of Life http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/jcarterfauchier/gabrielle

37. Sensation versus Perception • Receivingenvironmental stimuli versus • Giving meaningto information received by the sensory system

38. Neuron • Parts of a neuron • dendrite • cell body • axon • synapse • myelin

39. A NEURON

42. The Brain • Left brain processes verbal, numerical, textual & logicalinformation • Right brain processes spatial, colored & creativeinformation

43. Hemispheres have differing functions but don’t work independently. • Both generally work together to perform most tasks. • One side may be faster.

45. The Brain • Right and left halves are joined by the corpus callosum. • House calls it the Brooklyn Bridge connecting the two mostimportant neighborhoods • Myelination

46. Myelin Sheath • Insulation on axon to improve speed of transmission. • Also insulates axon from activity of other neurons.

48. http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-channel/398-understanding-the-brain-development-video.htmhttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-channel/398-understanding-the-brain-development-video.htm • http://www.5min.com/Video/The-Comprehensive-Newborn-Screening-326782662 • http://www.5min.com/Video/Learn-about-Your-Newborns-Reflexes-96171343 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ew93pEEdMY&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ew93pEEdMY&feature=relmfu • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hArF94sVXV8&feature=relmfu

49. Reflexes • Survival reflexes • Breathing • Sucking • Rooting • Swallowing

50. Other Reflexes • Startle or Moro • Babinski • Walking (stepping) • Swimming