Chapter 9 Key Terms

1. Chapter 9 Key Terms Black Social and Economic Progress Pages 324-325 • philanthropists • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. Dubois • Niagara Movement • vaudeville • yellow journalism • poll tax • segregation • grandfather clause • Jim Crow Laws • lynching • Plessy v. Ferguson • NAACP

2. Black Social and Economic Progress - Pages 324-325 -- List characteristics and information to describe their approach.

3. Booker T. And W.E.B.by Dudley Randall “It seems to me,” said Booker T., “It shows a mighty lot of cheek To study chemistry and Greek When Mister Charlie needs a hand To hoe the cotton on his land. And when Miss Ann looks for a cook, Why stick your nose into a book?” “I don’t agree,” said W.E.B. “If I should have the drive to seek Knowledge of chemistry or Greek, I’ll do it. Charles and Miss can look Another place for hand and cook. Some men rejoice in skill of hand, And some in cultivating land, But there are others who maintain The right to cultivate the brain.” “It seems to me,” said Booker T., “That all you folks have missed the boat Who shout about the right to vote, And spend vain days and sleepless nights In uproar over civil rights. Just keep your mouth shut, do not grouse But work, and save, and buy a house.” “I don’t agree,” said W.E.B., “For what can property avail If dignity and justice fail? Unless you help to make the laws, They’ll steal your house with trumped-up clause. A rope’s as tight, a fire as hot, No matter how much cash you’ve got. Speak soft, and try your little plan. But as for me, I’ll be a man.” “It seems to me,” said Booker T. – “I don’t agree,” said W.E.B.

5. Plessy v. Ferguson

6. Background of the case: • In 1890 Louisiana passed a law ordering railroads in the state “to provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races.” • Railway personnel were responsible for assigning seats according to race.

7. June 7, 1892 • Homer Plessy, a native of Louisiana, who could “pass” for white agreed to the test case so he sat in in the white section and was arrested • He was tried and found guilty of violating the law • He appealed to the Louisiana Supreme Court and then to the US Supreme Court.

8. Constitutional Issue: • 13th Amendment - The segregated society that the south had created contained the essential features of the slave society before it. • 14th Amendment • The segregated society denied him “equal protection of the law” What is it? What is it?

9. The Decision: • 8 out of the 9 judges denied his appeal. • Justice Henry Brown wrote the Majority opinion stating that their decision was based on: • Does not violate the 13th amendment because “a legal distinction between white and colored races… has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races”

10. Does not violate the 14th Amendment because the amendment “was not intended to give Negroes social equality but only political and civil equality” and the court cannot enforce social equality. Simply stated – court can’t make us all be friends

11. In his famous dissenting opinion, John Marshall Harlan attacked the constitutionality of the Louisiana law and argued that while the law may appear to treat blacks and whites equally, "every one knows that the statute in question had its origin in the purpose, not so much to exclude white persons from railroad cars occupied by blacks, as to exclude colored people from coaches occupied by or assigned to white persons.“ Harlan saw the Constitution as “color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens.”

12. Plessy v. Ferguson = Separate but equal Separate but equal will be the law of the land for over 50 years.

13. African Americans and WomenDuring the Gilded Age

14. African American Men: • In the South, by 1908 there were no more black state representatives • By 1900, there was only one Southern black Congressmen in Washington • By 1885- there was noticeable public discrimination in theaters, restaurants, hotels, etc. in the South. • Disenfranchisement of blacks begins (literacy tests, poll taxes) • 1883- legal segregation begins in the South • lynchings average around 190 each year • some men became lawyers, doctors, professors and wealthy business owners • educated and wealthy blacks could go to Harvard, Yale, Columbia, as well as many other universities

15. Women: • “Women’s God-given role, if to be stated, is as wife and mother, keeper of the household, guardian of the moral purity of all who lived therein.” • 95% of married women stayed home in 1880-1890 • had little outside contact of the home; often had a servant who went to market and did all outside chores • rose around 4:30 and did chores (cooking, cleaning, keeping fire, sewing, wash, etc.) until 8:00 • women were measured by how happy their husband was, how moral their children were and how clean, neat and organized your home was. • Wear a corset: this exerted 22 pounds of pressure on internal organs, which often caused collapsed lungs and displaced livers. • Could go to a few male colleges but were segregated and told that they “could not maintain the academic rigor of the male population.” • All-female colleges began that offered varied courses but upon graduation women found it difficult to get a job as anything else besides secretary, nurse, or teacher.

16. 1890 Writing Assignment We have studied Plessy v. Ferguson, and glimpsed at the condition of both African Americans and women during the Gilded Age. In one paragraph tell me, if given the choice, would you have rather been an African American man or a white woman in the year 1890 and why. You must choose one and you must give REAL, VALID arguments to back your position. Use your Plessy v. Ferguson notes, notes on men & women during the Gilded Age, Chapter nine of your textbook and the notes to support your answer. While you must include historical proof, you may also include some of your own sociological observations on race and gender.