What is structure B?

1. What is structure B? Periderm Secondary Xylem Secondary Phloem Procambium Vascular Cambium

2. Yea! B = Vascular Cambium is defined as the lateral meristem that gives rise to the secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem (bark). A = Secondary xylem C = Secondary phloem D = Periderm (Cork and Cork Cambium) Next

3. What is structure D? Root Cap Root Hair Apical Meristem Zone of Maturation Zone of Elongation

4. Woot! Woot! – Area D is the Apical Meristem which is defined as the area at either the tip of a stem or root where cell division takes place. It is also known as the “Zone of Cell Division”. A = Root Hair B = Zone of Maturation C = Zone of Elongation E = Root Cap Next

5. A B C Click on the part of the flower that is considered the “Style”

6. Filament Style NICE JOB! You know your flower parts. Remember the style is a part of the Pistil (the female structure). The Pistil is made up of the ovary, style, and stigma. The filament is a part of the Stamen (the male structure). The Stamen is made up of the anther and filament. Next

7. This represents: Gravitropism Thigmotropism Photoperiodism Phototropism

8. This represents: Phototropism Next Phototropism is a plant’s response to light. Gravitropism is a plant’s response to gravity. Thigmotropism is a plant’s response to touch. (Venus Fly Trap) Photoperiodism is a plant’s response to the length of daylight.

9. The following picture shows some plant cells. As you can see, the cytoplasms of these cells are connected. What are these connections called? Lignin Apoplast Paths Plasmodesmata Tonoplasts

10. The following picture shows some plant cells. Yep – Plasmodesmata! These are junctions between plants cells that connect the cytoplasms of the two cells. Next

11. Which pathway does the RED line represent? Symplast Pathway Apoplast Pathway

12. Yes, the Red Line is the Apoplast Pathway which is when water travels between cells (between cell walls and extracellular spaces). Give special notice to the Casparian strip in this diagram. Do you know its function? Next

13. The Casparian Strip is a waterproof strip in the endodermis that forces water to travel through the symplast pathway. This prevents water loss from the stele. Image the tragedy that would happen if water could just travel in between all the cells and leak out! Next

14. Monocot Dicot OR

15. Right! Monocots have vascular bundles that are scattered. Dicots have vascular bundles in a ring. Monocot Dicot OR

16. Right! Dicots have netted or fan shaped veins in their leaves. Monocots have parallel veins. Monocot Dicot OR

17. CORRECT! Monocots tend to have petals in multiples of 3. Dicots tend to have flowers that have petals in multiples of 4 or 5.. Next

18. What type of root is this? Adventitious Tap Fibrous

19. Yep. This is a taproot. A diagram below shows the difference between a taproot and fibrous root system. Next

20. Which of the xylem cells below would most likely belong to an angiosperm?

21. YES! The one on the right is a vessel element. These wider xylem cells in angiosperms (flowerling plants) are more efficient at transporting water. Vessel Element (angiosperms) Tracheid (gymnosperms) Next

22. Click on the Diagram (either A or B) where you would expect more transpiration to be occurring. B A

23. Yes, in Diagram A, the stoma is open which means that water might be evaporating out the leaf. Notice that the stoma is open because the guard cells are filled with water and have bulged out. Remember, transpiration pull is the evaporation of water from the leaf that provides force to raise water from the roots. Next B A

24. For the seed below, click on the letter that represents the endosperm. A B C

25. Nice job! Cotyledon = Seed leaf of the plant embryo Seed Coat = Protection for seed, prevents dehydration. Endosperm = Tissue that helps provide energy/food for embryo. It is formed by a second sperm that is released by the pollen tube which then fertilizes two nuclei in the ovule. The endosperm tissue is TRIPLOID. Next

26. Tracheophyte Non-Tracheophyte OR

27. Correct! This is a fern, which is considered a tracheophyte. Other types of tracheophytes include gymnosperms and angiosperms. FERN ANGIOSPERM GYMNOSPERM Remember, tracheophytes are vascular plants. They have xylem and phloem to transport substances. Next

28. Click on the cells that make up the PALISADE MESOPHYLL.

29. Yep. Remember the palisade mesophyll cells contribute most to the photosynthetic activity of the leaf. They contain many chloroplasts and are normally found on the top side of a leaf. Now, click on the cells that make up the spongy mesophyll.

30. Yep. Remember the spongy mesophyll cells form air spaces to allow gas exchange to occur. Click “NEXT” to see the rest of the parts of the leaf. Next

31. Notice the cuticle is the waxy outcovering of the leaf that protects against water loss. containing Next

32. Click on the SPOROPHYTE generation.

33. Yes. The sporophyte generation is the diploid gerneation that gives rise to haploid spores. The lower half is showing the gametophyte generation. Next

34. Click on the green square that represents MEIOSIS.

35. Yes – spores are made through the process of meiosis. Next

36. The diagram below shows one part of angiosperm reproduction. Click on the POLLEN TUBE.

37. Yes, the pollen grain grows into a pollen tube. This pollen tube grows down the female style and into the ovule. Once it reaches the ovule, it releases two sperm. Do you know why two sperm are released? HINT – think back to the question about the endosperm. What is the structure called with the red arrow? Cotyledon Microspore Micropyle Petiole

38. Yes, the arrow is pointing to micropyle. This is the opening in the ovule through which the pollen tube grows to reach the female gametophyte. Micropyle Next

39. Click on the cell that would be considered a “Companion Cell”.

40. Yes, the companion cell is the one with nucleus that helps to support the sieve tube element. Do you remember the function of the sieve tube element? Next

41. Sieve tube elements are the main cells of the phloem. They are living cells that contain cytoplasm, but very few organelles. They transport sugars throughout the plant. They are supported by companion cells. Next

42. The following cells are dead at maturity. They have secondary cell walls for added thickness. What type of cells are they? Sclerenchyma Collenchyma Parenchyma

43. Yes, Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells that support the plant. They have secondary cell walls for added thickness. Sclerenchyma Next

44. A B C Which letter refers to the “Ground Tissue”?

45. A B Yep. Which letter refers to the “Vascular Tissue”?

46. A Yep. Do you know what “A” refers to? Next

47. Next

48. Some other terms not directly tested in this tutorial include: • Tonoplast • Petiole • Cortex • Stele • Bundle Sheath Cell • Lignin • Leucoplast • Procambium • Primary Meristem • Lateral Meristem • Suberin Next

49. CONGRATS! You are done with this tutorial.

50. Please Try Again. Go Back