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PHENIX Future Heavy Flavor Measurements

PHENIX Future Heavy Flavor Measurements. Rachid Nouicer Brookhaven National Laboratory For the PHENIX Collaboration. International Workshop on Heavy Quark Production in Heavy-ion Collisions Purdue University, January 4-6, 2011.

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PHENIX Future Heavy Flavor Measurements

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  1. PHENIX Future Heavy Flavor Measurements Rachid Nouicer Brookhaven National Laboratory For the PHENIX Collaboration International Workshop on Heavy Quark Production in Heavy-ion Collisions Purdue University, January 4-6, 2011

  2. At this workshop, for more recent results and present detector status from PHENIX: Title “PHENIX Open Heavy Flavor Measurements” Speaker: I. Garishvilli for the PHENIX Collaboration Title: “PHENIX Heavy Quarkonia Measurements” Speaker: B. Kim for the PHENIX collaboration Title: “Status of PHENIX VTX Detector” Speaker: M. Kurosawa for the PHENIX collaboration

  3. Outline • Heavy Flavor as Probe for the QGP • PHENIX Detector Capabilities for Heavy Flavor • Heavy Flavor Measurement Results • jet energy loss • collective flow • comparison to recent pQCD model calculations • PHENIX Detector Upgrade: Motivation and Status • present: VTX • near future: FVTX • future: sPHENIX • Summary

  4. Open Heavy Flavor Measurement in PHENIX PHENIX measures open heavy flavor indirectly via semi-leptonic decays • Measure spectrum of all electrons • Subtract photonic electrons using cocktail of known (measured) sources: conversions, Dalitz decays of p0 and h etc. • Additional subtraction of quarkonia contribution • Cross-check of photonic contribution by inserting converter

  5. Electron Measurement in the PHENIX (up to Run 10) Central Arms: hadrons, photons, electron • 0.35 ≤h ≤ 0.35; • pe> 0.2 GeV/c; • Df = 2 arms × p/2; • charged particle tracking analysis using DC and PC. Electron identification based on: • Ring Imaging Cerenkov detector (RICH); • Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). • Forward rapidity arms: muons • 1.2  ≤ | h|  ≤ 2.4 • pµ> 1.0 GeV/c • Df = 2 p • µ-Magnets and µ-Identifier steel absorbhadrons, p-rejection  • µ-Tracker reconstructs trajectories and     determines momentum.

  6. Open Heavy Flavor Measurement in p + p Collisions PRL 97, 252002 (2006) Single electrons (|y| < 0.35) PRD 76, 09002 (2007) Single muons (1.4 < y < 1.9) p + p • Derived charm cross-section from single electrons: 567 ± 57 (stat) ± 224(sys) mb • Mid-rapidity measurement is in agreement with pQCD calculations • Measurement at the forward rapidity agrees for pT > 3 GeV/c, where B/S is better

  7. Open Heavy Flavor Measurement in Au + Au Collisions • PRL 98, 172301 (2007) • Same method as in p + p • Heavy flavor electrons from Au + Au • Compared to Ncoll scaled p + p (FONLL x 1.71) PRL 98, 172301 (2007) Single electrons (|y| < 0.35) • Strong suppression in high pT • (pT > 3.0 GeV) shows large energy loss and hence provides strong evidence for the coupling of heavy quarks to the produced medium.

  8. Heavy Flavor Hadron Energy Loss and Flow The variety and precision of results keep expanding, revealing interesting features • Suppression is flat at high pT • Heavy quarks suppressed the same as light quarks, and they flow, but less. • Collective behavior is apparent in heavy-flavor electrons (v2 (HF) > 0); but however, it is lower than v2 of  p0 for pT > 2 GeV/c. 8

  9. Heavy Flavor Hadron Energy Loss and Flow pQCD model calculations: RAA and V2 in Au+Au at 200 GeV Simultaneously reproduction of both RAA and v2 for the same set of inputs in pQCD formalism for the highest RHIC energy Das, Alam and Mohanty ,PRC, 82,014908,2010 Das and Alam, arXiv-1008.2643

  10. J/ySuppression in Au+Au High statistics measurement of J/y in AuAu in wide rapidity range - Mid-rapidity J/y e+e- - Forward rapidity J/ym+m- Strong suppression of J/y is observed - Consistent with theprediction that J/ys are destroyed in deconfined matter Surprisingly, the suppression is stronger at forward rapidity than in mid-rapidity - J/y formation by recombination of charm pairs in deconfined matter? PRL 98,172301 (2007)

  11. Source of Electrons Dalitz decays of light neutral mesons : Mostly p0 g e+ e- Also from η, ω, φ, η'. Conversion of photons from the light vector mesons in the material Direct photons from the hard scattering process Dielectron decays of light vector mesons: ρ, ω, φ  e+e- J/ψ  e+e- and g e+e- Weak Kaon decays : K± p0 e± νe Heavy Flavor Decays Background sources needs to be subtracted

  12. Charm Cross-section in p+p collisions STAR agrees with PHENIX (referring to STAR’s recent work) Latest result from STAR agrees with PHENIX for pT > 2.5 GeV/c.This is good news But What about measurements at low pT (500 MeV/c < pT < 2.5 GeV/c)?

  13. Charm Cross-section in p+p collisions • Within error bars, Nbin scaled is observed! • Large systematic uncertainties • Theory under predict • charm X-section: still an issue : STAR ~ 2 PHENIX • Detector upgrades should measure low pT region

  14. Upgrades Are Needed! When physics motivation exist (separation of charm and beauty should allow for unambiguous modeling of quark energy loss) and systematic errors dominates the data, new experiment (detector upgrade) are called for.

  15. PHENIX Detector Present and Future The time is just shifted for PHENIX experiment: 1) the near future just becomes the present:PHENIX-VTX 2) the future just becomes the near future: PHENIX-FVTX3) and the far future moved to the future: sPHENIX

  16. Physics Motivation for VTX and FVTX • Heavy Ions: • Precision heavy flavor production measurement and separation of charm and beauty should allow for unambiguous modeling of quark energy loss • Precision charm measurement along with improved vector meson measurements allows vector meson production and suppression to be understood • Charm and beauty flow measurements • Expanded vector meson measurements, • Cold Nuclear Matter: • Same measurements; needed to separate cold and hot nuclear matter effects • Drell-Yan measurements help understand CNM energy loss • Spin Physics: • Precision heavy flavor measurements help understand gluon contribution to spin • Drell-Yan can give anti-quark spin measurements • Improved W measurements

  17. mcharm= 1.5GeV, mbottom= 5GeV VTX Motivation Assumption here: Full 8 weeks used for data taking in RUN11 Present Au+Au at √s = 200 GeVExpected with VTX PHENIX: PRL 98:172301 (2007) • Be • D e • D+Be • Be • D e • No shape change implies • VTX can separately measure v2 and RAA of be and ce

  18. FVTX Motivation mcharm= 1.5GeV, mbottom= 5GeV • Tag displaced vertices to allow precision heavy flavor measurements • Separate Charm and Beauty • Drell Yan measurement for mass btw. J/y and Upsilon • J/y and y' mass separation • Better Upsilon mass resolution • Significantly enhances every aspect of forward rapidity program • Complements Barrel Tracker which will cover central rapidity Simulation with FVTX Simulation with FVTX Real Data m from D and B Each and every physics measurement from the muon arm will be improved with the addition of the FVTX and new measurements will become available

  19. Silicon Vertex Tracker: VTX +FVTX

  20. Present and Near Future: VTX + FVTX The detector sensitive area is made 100% of silicon sensor technology The target is b, c physics probing the heart of the QCD medium at RHIC VTX: 4 barrels (|y| <1.2): 2 silicon Pixel (ALICE) 2 silicon stripixel (unique to PHENIX) FVTX: 4x2 disks (1.2 < |y| <2.4): Standard silicon strip technology

  21. Present and Near Future: VTX + FVTX e Life time (ct) D0 : 125 mm B0 : 464 mm DCA D p p B e The detector sensitive area is made 100% of silicon sensor technology The target is b, c physics probing the heart of the QCD medium at RHIC VTX: 4 barrels (|y| <1.2): 2 silicon Pixel (ALICE) 2 silicon stripixel (unique to PHENIX) VTX FVTX: 4x2 disks (1.2 < |y| <2.4): Standard silicon strip technology e+e- are identified in PHENIX central arms

  22. Present and Near Future: VTX + FVTX prompt pm The detector sensitive area is made 100% of silicon sensor technology The target is b, c physics probing the heart of the QCD medium at RHIC FVTX VTX: 4 barrels (|y| <1.2): 2 silicon Pixel (ALICE) 2 silicon stripixel (unique to PHENIX) m+m- are identified in forward muons PHENIX arms FVTX: 4x2 disks (1.2 < |y| <2.4): Standard silicon strip technology

  23. Central Silicon Vertex Tracker: VTX Stripixel Pixel Expected DCA resolution pions in 3 <pT<4 GeV/c • Specifications: • Large acceptance (Df ~ 2 p and |h| < 1.2) • Displaced vertex measurement s < 40 mm • Charged particle tracking sp/p ~ 5% p at high pT • Detector must work for both of heavy ion and pp collisions. • Technology Choice • Hybrid pixel detectors developed at CERN for ALICE • Stripixel detectors, sensors developed at BNL with FNAL’s SVX4 readout chip Au+Au 200 GeV s ~ 40 mm

  24. VTX: PIXELConcept (Barrels 1 & 2) ALICE1LHCb readout chip: Pixel: 50 µm (f) x 425 µm (Z). Channels: 256 x 32. Output: binary, read-out in 25.6s@10MHz. Radiation Hardness: ~ 30Mrad Sensor module: 4 ALICE1LHCb readout chips. Bump-bonded (VTT) to silicon sensor. Thickness: 200 mm Thickness: r/o chips 150 µm Half-ladder (2 sensor modules+bus) 1.36 cm x 10.9 cm. Thickness bus: < 240 µm. SPIRO module Control/read-out a half ladder Send the data to FEM FEM (interface to PHENIX DAQ) Read/control two SPIROs Interface to PHENIX DAQ active area r 1.28 cm = 50mm x 256 z 1.36 cm = 425mm x 32 Solder bump ~20mm

  25. VTX: Silicon StripixelConcept (Barrels 3 &4) “New technology: unique to PHENIX” • Innovative design by BNL Instr. Div. : Z. Li et al., NIM A518, 738 (2004); • R. Nouicer et al., NIM B261, 1067 (2007); • R. Nouicer et al., Journal of Instrumentation, 4, P04011 (2009) • DC-Coupled silicon sensor • Sensor single-sided • 2-dimensional position sensitivity by charge sharing

  26. ROC (readout card) Silicon sensor SVX4 chips VTX: Silicon StripixelConcept (Barrels 3 &4) Silicon Module • Bottom view • Top view Ladder

  27. Central Silicon Vertex Tracker: VTX Layer 1 (PIXEL) 5x2 ladders Layer 2 (PIXEL) 10x2 ladders Layer 3 (Stripixel) 8x2 ladders Layer 4 (Stripixel) 12x2 ladders 27

  28. Central Silicon Vertex Tracker: VTX Side View Front View VTX ready for Run 11  VTX will explore b,c physics Full VTX installed at IR on Dec 1st, 2010 VTX group and PHENIX technicians 28

  29. Forward Silicon Vertex Detector: FVTX 4 disks / side 48 wedges/disk 75 mm strips, 2.8-11.2 mm long 1664 strips/column 1.1M channels total Readout with FPHX chip Backplane HDI Detector 11.2mm FPHX Chips 2.8mm Rigid, thermally conductive epoxy Rigid epoxy 40 cm ~10 cm Four tracking stations with full azimuthal coverage 7.5°

  30. Forward Silicon Vertex Detector: FVTX Assembly station Chip placement Wire-bonding FVTX will be installed summer 2011 Final Wedge Half disk assembly Encapsulation

  31. Future: sPHENIX Physics menu for 2015+ • Study of interaction between parton and sQGP medium • Direct measurement of Jets and their modification • Study of mass dependence of medium-parton interaction • High statistic measurement of charm and bottom in Au+Au • Measurement of c and b jets • Study of color screening in the medium • High-pT J/y（>10 GeV/c) • Upsilon • Probe of initial condition • Direct photon v2 • High density QCD at small x • Forward Physics • ePHENIX • eA and ep when eRHIC beam come to PHENIX-IR The document also contains the complementarity of RHIC and LHC Documents 250+ pages released and can be found at: www.bnl.gov/npp.

  32. PHENIX RUN PLAN (2011-2015) PHENIX Decadal Plan • Heavy quark physics with VTX is the main thrust of PHENIX Heavy Ion physics plan in 2011 - 2015 • Heavy quark energy loss • Heavy quark flow • CNM on Heavy Quark • Plus • Spin Physics with VTX in p+p collisions • Charm AN, ALL • Bottom AN ALL • photon jet AN, ALL • di-jet AN, ALL

  33. PHENIX RUN PLAN (2011-2015) PHENIX Decadal Plan • Longitudinal spin@ 500 GeV • W program • DG at small x • Transverse spin@200 GeV • AN of various processes • Exploratory of Drell Yan • AN : Sivers sign change • Spin @ 62 GeV • DG at high x • Transverse spin

  34. Future: sPHENIX Observables  Requirements

  35. sPHENIX Upgrade Concept PHENIX Detector Today (2011)

  36. sPHENIX Upgrade Concept Future “sPHENIX” : Compact, Uniform Detector

  37. sPHENIX Upgrade Concept • 2T mid-y magnet, I.d.~ 60 cm (could be up to ~ 1m) • Compact EMCal E/E ~ 20%/√E (Si/W & Scint/W?) • Intermediate tracker ~ 80 m resolution (Si or GEM) • Compact HCAL for jet reco (first HCAL at RHIC!) • Forward spectrometer optimized for electrons, , hadrons • Hadron ID: forward yes, mid-y ?

  38. sPHENIX Upgrade Concept 50B events of Au+Au at 200 GeV

  39. Performance sPHENIX Momentum resolution: VTX + two new Silicon strip barrels (strip size 80 mm) Charged pions EMCAL Response p/p = 0.007 + 0.0015p Electron p = 5 GeV + p = 5 GeV -Good momentum resolution and e/p separation - Can separate the upsilon States  spectroscopy

  40. Performance sPHENIX Hadronic Calorimetry tightens correlation between measured and true jet energy -Reduce high pT background - Catch neutral energy

  41. Performance sPHENIX Significant rates for heavy flavor tagged jets Jets, photons and p0 rates in |h| <1 W. Vogelsang, private comm. M. Cacciari, private comm. 50B events of Au+Au at 200 GeV 1010 central event

  42. Future: sPHENIX Where we stand with sPHENIX? Mike Leitch (upgrade manager) organized PHENIX Decadal R&D Workshops, 14-16 December, 2010 Speakers from over the world: PHENIX, STAR, LHC, ILC… Next PHENIX Collaboration meeting, January 2011 PHENIX people will highlight ideas of the workshops and discuss R&D steps

  43. Summary • Large heavy flavor suppression in heavy ion collisions – why? • Significant heavy flavor elliptic flow • Large J/y suppression, but surprising rapidity dependence • Improve background rejection in semi-leptonic decay measurements would allow systematic errors to be reduced • Separation of Charm/Beauty allows quark mass dependence to be mapped out • PHENIX opens new era to study the properties of the medium: c, b physics: • installed Central Silicon Vertex Tracker in 2010 (ready for run #11) • will install Forward Silicon Vertex Tracker in 2011 (run #12) • Future “sPHENIX” : compact, uniform detector • Jets, quarkonia, g-jet correlations, tagged jets • forward physics, spin, “0th order for EIC detector

  44. Auxiliary Slides 9/8/2014 rachid.nouicer@bnl.gov

  45. Complementarity of RHIC and LHC “What is the point to measure jets and heavy quark at RHIC in LHC era?"

  46. Complementarity of RHIC and LHC “What is the point to measure jets and heavy quark at RHIC in LHC era?" • - Measure Upsilon suppression (1S,2S,3S) at RHIC energy (Tinit ~ 350 MeV). LHC initial energy is ~ 500-600 MeV and so the screening length can be different. • Light quark v2 seems to be similar at LHC. This lead some to conclude thath/s of the QGP at LHC is only slightly different than that at RHIC. However, the picture can be different if probed by heavy flavor. (Light quark v2 is influenced in the later stage of space/time development. Heavy quark is more sensitive in the earlier stage) • Very high statistics measurement of charm/bottom at low pT where medium effect can be most interesting. sPHENIX will have ~ 50B events per year, much higher statistics.

  47. Why is Heavy Flavor Interesting? Production of heavy quark-antiquark pairs: cc (bb) dominated by gluon-gluon hard scattering - sensitive to initial gluon density additional thermal production  enhancement? -sensitive to initial temperature Propagation through dense medium energy loss or thermalization  softening of spectra? - sensitive to properties of the produced nuclear medium does charm flow? - sensitive to collectivity on parton level Quarkonia (J/y) in dense medium suppression via color screening? enhancement via coalescence? heavy quarks is a rich probe of the nuclear medium created in the hard initial collisions  experience the whole collision history study of yields & spectra in pp, dAu, and AuAu

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