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The Medieval European Synthesis

The Medieval European Synthesis. Fusion of the Early Middle Ages 5th-11th centuries. Fall of Rome Celtic Influences Norse-Germanic Influences Spread of Christianity throughout Europe Islamic Influences Feudalism Empires and Kingdoms. The Celts.

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The Medieval European Synthesis

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  1. The Medieval European Synthesis

  2. Fusion of the Early Middle Ages5th-11th centuries • Fall of Rome • Celtic Influences • Norse-Germanic Influences • Spread of Christianity throughout Europe • Islamic Influences • Feudalism • Empires and Kingdoms

  3. The Celts • Called Galatai or Keltoi by Greeks, Galli (Gauls) by Romans • “Omnia Galli tres partes divisus est” Julius Caesar • Migrated throughout Europe from 1st millenium bce-1st c. bce • Fierce warriors: • went naked, painted blue, into battle • known for wild challenges Furor: battle fury • used war chariots, javelins and lancia: battle lances • head-hunters • believed in re-incarnation

  4. Celtic Migrations Hallstatt

  5. Celtic Influences • Decorative • Animal motifs • Arabesques • Religious • Scholarship • Monasticism • Literary • Epics and folklore • Sovranty: Love-Political Triangle • King-Queen-Suitor/Challenger • Arthur-Guinevere-Lancelot

  6. Gundestrup Cauldron1st c. bcesilver overlaid with gold Cernunnos: God of the Beasts

  7. Irish Literature • Ireland has the oldest vernaculartradition of literature in Europe with written texts dating from the 6th c. • Oral tradition handed down by bards and transcribed by Irish monks • Prose heroic saga cycles interspersed with verse passages • The ollam, or arch-poet, whose training lasted for some twelve years, was obliged to learn 250 of the prime sagas and 100 secondary ones. • Categories: Destruction of Fortified Places, Cattleraids, Courtships or Wooings, Battles, Stories of Caves, Navigations, Tragical Deaths, Feasts, Sieges, Adventures of Travel, Elopements, Slaughters, Water-eruptions, Expeditions, Progresses, and Visions. Brian Boru Harp

  8. Tain Bo Cuailinge: The Cattle Raid of Cooley from The Book of the Dun Cow

  9. Celtic Christianity • Christianity was introduced into the British Isles in late 1st century or early 2nd c. with Roman soldiers • Cultic religion existing alongside other cults; both indigenous and brought in by the Romans, such as the cult of Mithras. • The new faith rapidly gained adherents

  10. St. Patrick (389?-461?) • Apostle of Ireland, Christian prelate. • Born in Scotland -- kidnapped at 16 by Irish pirates and sold in Ireland as a slave. He passed his captivity as a herdsman • Saw visions in which he was urged to escape, and after six years of slavery he did so, • Ordained as a deacon, then priest and finally as a bishop. • Pope Celestine then sent him back to Ireland to preach the gospel.

  11. Syncretism: St. Bridgit • Patrick carried Christianity to the Irish by transforming their sacred groves, wells, and mounds into centers of worship for the new faith. • He also adopted the ancient Celtic deities into the new faith, demoting them to saints • Brigit,the goddess of healing and fertility became St. Bridgit in the new faith.

  12. The Irish Church • Elements of Eastern Christianity: • emphasis on monasticism • organizational structure of abbots and monasteries versus bishops and parish churches • ascetic holiness and pilgrimage • The abbeys' and monasteries' success in teaching: • Generations of scholars who not only copied Christian material but also transcribed the myths of the Ulster and Finian cycles, the Brehon laws, and other Celtic documents • Survival of Christianity in the British Isles despite conquest by the pagan Angles and Saxons. • Sent missionaries to England and scholars to courts, such as Charlemagne’s, throughout Europe

  13. The Book of Kells

  14. The Four Apostles

  15. The Lindisfarne Gospels

  16. Fall of Rome:Rise of Germanic Tribes • 330: Constantine moved the capitol of the Roman Empire to Constantinople • 402: Honorius moved capitol of the Western Empire from Rome to Ravenna • 410: Visigoths sacked Rome • 455: Vandals sacked Rome and took control of N. Africa and Spain • 5th c.: Waves of Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded Britain and Burgundians controlled much of France • 476: Goths seized Rome: Odoacer became Emperor

  17. VölkerwanderrungGermanic Migrations

  18. Germanic Comitatus or Kinship Groups • König, eorlas und thanes: kings, nobles and warriors • Mutual loyalty -- warriors fight for king, king is generous to warriors • Originally a socially egalitarian setup, during the third and fourth centuries AD, became socially stratified • Basis for feudal loyalty • Ideal and philosophy expressed in oral epics like Beowulf and The Song of Roland

  19. Charlemagne 768-814 Otherwise known as Charles the Great, or Charles the First Eldest son born of Pepin the Short and his wife Bertrada Possessed many qualities of greatness: imposing physical stature, warrior prowess, piety, generosity, intelligence, devotion to family and friends, and joy for life. A hero in his own time who became a legendary figure

  20. Charlemagne’s Empire

  21. CHARLEMAGNE • Expanded the Frankish empire by fighting more than 50 campaigns; defeated the Lombards; Moors; Saxons, Slavs & Danes; Avars in Bavaria, etc. • By 805 the Frankish kingdom included all of continental Europe except Spain, Scandinavia, southern Italy, and Slavic fringes in the East • Established marches (strongly fortified areas) mainly to check the Muslims in Northern Spain --deliberately persecuted non-Christians • 800: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne's motto becomes Renavatio romani imperi (Revival of the Roman Empire)

  22. CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE • Charlemagne was a strong supporter of education • Assembled scholars and learned men at court in Aachen • Most noted was Alcuin (c. 735-804) who was Charlemagne's chief advisor on religious and educational matters; prepared official documents and exempla • The scholars copied books and built up libraries; used "Carolingian minuscule." • Worked on educating priests • Limited illiteracy • Preserved Latin culture in West Carolingian MS.

  23. Aachen Cathedralearly Romanesque architecture, ca. 792-805

  24. Illuminated Manuscripts • . The word `illuminated' comes from a usage of the Latin word illuminare-- `adorn'. • Books written by hand, decorated with paintings • The decorations are of three main types: • miniaturesor small pictures, into the text or occupying the whole page or part of the border; • initial letters either containing scenes (historiated initials) or with elaborate decoration; • borders, which may consist of miniatures, occasionally illustrative, or more often are composed of decorative motifs. Sacramentary--Use of Saint-Denis,9thc.

  25. The Song of Roland • Chanson de geste : song of deeds • 12th c – oldest major work of French literature • Based on Battle of Roncevaux, 778 • Story first told by Einhard in his Life of Charlemagne, c. 830 • Intended to be performed aloud by traveling jongleurs

  26. Viking Conquests

  27. I've been with sword and,spearslippery with bright bloodwhere kites wheeled. And how wellwe violent Vikings clashed!Redflames ate up men's roofs,raging we killed and killed;and skewered bodies sprawledsleepy in town gateways.

  28. Viking Runes

  29. Viking Art Scene taken from the stone Smiss I, found in Stenkyrka parish. Dated 700-800 AD. 8th c. Bronze keys

  30. Icelandic Sagas • Vernacular prose histories of events in Iceland and Greenland in the 10th and 11th centuries • Written in 13th-14th c. – anonymous authors • Focused on genealogical history and struggles that arose amongst the 2nd and 3rd generations of Icelandic settlers Egils Saga, 17th c. MS.

  31. Leif ErikssonIceland Vinland Sagas • Saga of the Greenlanders and Saga of Erik the Red • Most complete accounts of Norse explorations of North America in the 10th and 11th c.

  32. The Normans • Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France (or the Frankish kingdom), together with their descendants • The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy and sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

  33. Feudalism • Social system of rights and duties based on land tenure and personal relationships • land is held in fief by vassals who owe military services to • lords to whom they are bound by personal loyalty. • Feudalism is a form of civilization that flourishes especially in a closed agricultural economy • Those who fulfill official duties, whether civil or military, do so because of personal and freely accepted links with their overlord – not because of patriotism • Public authority becomes fragmented and decentralized.

  34. Social Classes SECULAR KING NOBLES KNIGHTS MERCHANTSPROFESSIONALSCRAFTSMEN PEASANTS freemen serfs ECCLESIASTICAL POPE CARDINALS BISHOPS ABBOTS PRIESTS MONKS SUMMONERS FRIARS PARDONERS NUNS PEASANTS lay brothers and sisters serfs

  35. Coronation Ordinal of 1250 Paris • The oldest known iconographic cycle showing the coronation of a French king in the cathedral of Rheims, virtually as it would be staged until 1825. • The archbishop of Rheims, assisted by the abbots of Saint-Remi of Rheims and of Saint-Denis, officiated in the presence of the peers of the realm.

  36. December Limbourg Bros. Très Riches Heures of the Duc de Berry

  37. January Limbourg Bros. Très Riches Heures of the Duc de Berry

  38. Norman Conquest • 1066: Contest for the English crown: • Harold, Earl of Wessex: Anglo-Saxon • Harald Hardrada of Norway • William Duke of Normandy • Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold defeated Hardrada's army which invaded using over 300 ships; so many were killed that only 25 ships were needed to transport the survivors home. • Battle of Hastings: William led Norman forces against the English. Harold Killed in battle; William seized the throne • William the Conqueror

  39. BAYEUX TAPESTRYEnglish axman in combat with Norman cavalry during the Battle of Hastings

  40. Motte and Bailey Castle Norman Castles Tower of London

  41. The Abbey of Mt. St. MichelNormandy, begun 1203

  42. The Western World at the Time of the Crusades

  43. Crusades: 1095-15th c. • Holy Wars"-- against various enemies of the Church • Initially non-Christians: Moslems and pagans • At first the object of the Crusades was to recover the Holy Places (in what are now Israel and Jordan) from the Moslems, who had seized them in the 7th Century. • Later Crusades were preached against Christian heretics, and even against orthodox Christians who happened to have political disputes with the current pope.

  44. Crusade Period

  45. Chivalry • Chivalry was a peculiarity of the practice of war in medieval Europe. • The feudal knight was supposed to be devout, honest, selfless, just, brave, honorable, obedient, kind, charitable, generous, and kind to women. • Complex rituals and rules

  46. European Universities • Evolved from medieval schools known as studia generalia • Places of study open to students throughout Europe. • Efforts to educate clerks and monks beyond the level of the cathedral and monastic schools. • Earliest Western universities: • Salerno, Italy-- 9th c. -- famous medical school that drew students from all over Europe • Bologna, Italy-- 11thc. --a widely respected school of canon and civil law • University of Paris --mid 12th c.-- noted for its teaching of theology and as a model for other universities in N. Europe • Oxford Universityin England--end of the 12th century.

  47. Course of Study • Core curriculum based on the seven liberal arts: • Trivium: grammar,logic,rhetoric, • Quadrivium: geometry,arithmetic,astronomy, and music. • Students then proceeded to study under one of the professional faculties of medicine, law, and theology. • Final examinations were grueling, and many students failed.

  48. Rhetoric Logic Arithmetic The Image du Monde:Picture of the World (14th c.) apparently is the oldest encyclopedic treatise written in a vernacular language. .

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