Angstromology

1. Angstromology Introduction to Nanotechnology Foothill De Anza Colleges

2. Overview • Nanoscale definitions • Scale and dimension (not just small) • Working at the angstrom level • Nanotechnology – the last 200 years • Nanotechnology – the next 100 years • Beyond nano – to pico scale and beyond • Innovation in the quantum universe

3. Nano Definitions • Design, engineer, manufacture, or … • Control a process • at the nanoscale dimension • Atom by atom precise manipulation • Functionalize and monetize properties at the nanoscale dimension • ‘Bottom up manufacturing’ self-assembly

4. Traditional Nanotechnology

5. Nano Definitions Further • Nanotechnology is the study, design, creation, synthesis, manipulation, and application of functional materials, devices, and systems through control of matter and energy at the nanometer scale (1–100 nanometers, one nanometer being equal to 1 × 10−9 of a meter). • Exploitation of novel phenomena, including the properties of matter, energy, and information at the molecular, atomic, and sub atomic levels.

6. LEONARD MANDEL (at left) and co-workers at the University of Rochester gather around a parametric down-converter, an unusual crystal that converts any photon striking it into two photons with half as much energy. Mandel's group pioneered the use of the device in tests of quantum mechanics. New experiments - real and imagined - are probing ever more deeply into the surreal quantum realm

7. Nanoscale Paradigm 1950 – 2000 Era of materials Miniaturization from the top down Quantum properties from the bottom up Moore’s Law 21st Century Moore’s Law 20th Century 2000 – 2050 Era of quanta Concept by Hilary Lackritz

8. Scale and Dimension • Quantum scale dimension • Small things • Short times • Small numbers • Low probabilities • Heisenberg and Plank got it right • Heisenberg uncertainty principle • Things happen differently at nanoscale

9. What could be nanotechnology? • Chemistry • Viral self-assembly • Cellular process • Nuclear fission • Quantum computing • Squeezed light • Molecular tweezers

10. Chemistry • Precision placement (yes) • Molecule by molecule (maybe) • Working with moles (a lot) • Surface chemistry (always) • Particles and colloids (if small enough) • Chemists guide atoms and molecules to particular places (with help from nature)

11. Chemical Reaction CO and O2 Reacting to Form CO2 Works in the gas phase but not on a surface!

12. Surface Femtochemistry COads + Oads ---- on transition metal surface ----> CO2 gas Although the reaction cannot be initiated by conventional heating, excitation with a femtosecond pulse triggers the oxidation of CO on a ruthenium surface, leading to the formation of CO2. http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~femtoweb/newfemtos/surffemto/coox.php

13. Surface Femtochemistry Sketch illustrating that only desorption occurs when the system is excited thermally, due to the lower energy required for CO-desorption than for O- activation. Under laser excitation, the 1.8 eV barrier for O-activation is overcome by coupling to the hot electrons, so that CO2 is formed. http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~femtoweb/newfemtos/surffemto/coox.php

14. Surface Femtochemistry Potential energy surface for the CO/O/Ru(0001) system, constructed from spectroscopic data, assuming Morse potentials. Lines are the result of preliminary trajectory calculations. Going up, the O-CO distance increases, whereas the Ru-O distance remains constant: CO desorbs. To the right, the O-CO distance decreases (CO approaches oxygen), while O moves away from Ru: CO2 is formed and moves away from the surface. Thermally, only the pathway up is accessible. Upon femtoseond excitation, regions of the potential energy surface become accessible that are inaccessible under thermal activation: The system is directed into new reactive regions. http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~femtoweb/newfemtos/surffemto/coox.php

15. Dendrimers • Dendrimers • Branching • Stepwise growth • Globular nature • Functionalization • Engineer like a protein • Surface energy / shape • Can be grafted to C60 buckyballs / modified • Controlling a process http://www.dendritech.com/

16. Generation 2 PAMAM Dendrimer http://www.dendritech.com/

19. Cellular Processes • DNA • Micro RNAs • Proteins • Ribosomes • Enzymes • Lipid bilayer • Ion channels

20. PhotochemistryBio-Nano Energy In cyclic photophosphorylation electrons from ferredoxin (Fd) are shuttled into the cytochrome b6f complex which then pumps protons out of the stroma into the thylakoid lumen. The resulting gradient can be used to drive ATP syntheses by the chloroplast ATP synthase. http://www.geosciences.unl.edu/~dbennett/

21. Protein Capturing Light Photosynthesis moves EM energy into life through carbon http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/photon.html

22. Protein Pumps and Energy http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/photosyn/

23. Self Assembly • Follows statistical thermodynamics • Crystal growth follows symmetry rules • Seen in molecular monolayers • Building process for viral caspids • Interaction of matter and information • Use nature to guide manufacturing • Control and guide novel structures

24. Figure1: 3D diagram of a lipid bilayer membrane - water molecules not represented for clarity http://www.shu.ac.uk/schools/research/mri/model/micelles/micelles.htm • Figure 2: Different lipid model • top : multi-particles lipid molecule • bottom: single-particle lipid molecule Molecular Self Assembly

25. Viral Self-Assembly http://www.virology.net/Big_Virology/BVunassignplant.html

26. Bio-Nano Convergence Jonathan Trent NASA - Ames

27. Nuclear Fission • Fission at the pico scale • Assembling a critical mass • Creating a chain reaction • Controlling the number of events • Neutrons and the uranium U235 isotope • Unleashes the power of a star • Required an understanding of the atom

28. Nuclear Fission

29. Thin Film Deposition • Layer by layer deposition • Most thin film layers are 10 to 1000A thick • Deposition can occur one monolayer at a time • Atom by atom nucleation • Clusters of atoms influence each other • Ordering process can occur very quickly • Tailored properties based on process • Optical, electrical, and magnetic • Interfacial chemistry can be critical

30. Thin Film Deposition http://www.fmf.uni-freiburg.de/projekte/pg_cluster/projekt_cluster/eci/eci_sim_e.html

31. Atomic Spectroscopy • Energy and matter • AES / LEEDS • SEM / EDX • ESCA / XPS • XRF / EXAFS • SIMMS

32. Photoelectric Effect http://hypertextbook.com/physics/modern/photoelectric/

33. Quantum Computing Three trapped 112Cd+ ions exhibit four different normal modes of oscillation in an asymmetric Paul trap http://monroelab2.physics.lsa.umich.edu

34. Qubit Computing • Qubit states • 00, 01, 10, 11 • Qubit algorithms • New thinking • New problems Centre for Quantum Computing http://www.qubit.org/

35. Uncertain Computing • Quantum world is based in probabilities • Quantum states can be either 1 or 0, or in some cases – both! • Leverage uncertainty and ultra density for unimaginable speed: • > 1022 transistors • > 1015 clock speed

37. Nano-Bio-Info Nano Quantum computing nanoelectronic devices Self assembly Microarrays, BioMEMS Bio Digital cells DNA computing insilico biology Info Concept by Robert Cormia

38. Self Assembly • Crystals • Proteins • Viruses • Fractals • Self-assembly is a process • Nature has harnessed it • Nanotechnology will harness it

39. Nano-Bio • Using protein / viral complexes and DNA to self-assemble devices, and novel function, into biomechanical systems Earth’s early nanostructures ~ 2 billion years ago

40. Digital Cells – Bio Informatics Modeling life as an information system http://www.ee.princeton.edu/people/Weiss.php

41. Nature as a Computer • Biological systems like DNA and RNA especially appear to be more than networks of information. • RNA itself can be seen as a molecular decision network

42. Nanoelectronics • Pushing semiconductors to the edge • Electrons moving too fast, or ‘confined’ • Band gap theory • Quantum tunneling effects • Semiconduction has always been ‘nano’ • Now we are deliberately doing it

43. Nanoelectronics Flux-qubit systems Mesoscopic quantum systems SEM picture of a "persistent-current qubit" sample. The inner loop which contains three Josephson junctions is the qubit. The outer loop, containing two junctions, is a SQUID which measures the qubit's state. microwave pulses of variable length and amplitude to coherently manipulate the quantum state of the loop. The readout by the Squid was also pulsed and revealed quantum-state oscillations with high fidelity. http://vortex.tn.tudelft.nl/research/fluxqubit/fluxqubit.html

44. Quantum Tunneling • Breaking the quantum barrier • QuantumTunneling in nanoelectronics • Macroscopic Quantum Coherence • Meeting the particle / wave head on • It can be a problem or a property • Clock speeds on the edge of tunneling • Or a way to store ‘information in energy’

45. Quantum Tunneling Transistor http://www.aip.org/png/html/tunnel.htmhttp://www.sandia.gov/media/quantran.htm

46. Quantum Dots • Quantum confinement • Energy and information states • Small atomic assemblies • Used in solar collection devices • With very high quantum efficiencies • Applications in memory storage • Applications in quantum computing

47. Quantum Dots Quantum dots are small devices that contain a tiny droplet of free electrons. They are fabricated in semiconductor materials and have typical dimensions between nanometers to a few microns. The size and shape of these structures and therefore the number of electrons they contain, can be precisely controlled; a quantum dot can have anything from a single electron to a collection of several thousands. The physics of quantum dots shows many parallels with the behavior of naturally occurring quantum systems in atomic and nuclear physics. As in an atom, the energy levels in a quantum dot become quantized due to the confinement of electrons. Unlike atoms however, quantum dots can be easily connected to electrodes and are therefore excellent tools to study atomic-like properties. There is a wealth of interesting phenomena that have been measured in quantum dot structures over the past decade. http://qt.tn.tudelft.nl/research/qdots/

48. Carbon Nanotubes • Like graphite but all coiled up • Typically 10 Angstroms in diameter • Two key parameters control properties • M/N ratio determines electrical conductivity • SWNT and MWNT • Transistors, heat sinks, hydrogen storage • Carbon fibers have come a long way!

49. Carbon Nanotube Structures

50. Nanotubes / Nanohorns The electrical properties of nanotubes / nanohorns can change, depending on their molecular structure. The "armchair" type has the characteristics of a metal; the "zigzag" type has properties that change depending on the tube diameter—a third have the characteristics of a metal and the rest those of a semiconductor; the "spiral" type has the characteristics of a semiconductor.