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BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY

BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY. Created by the U.S. Department of Energy Rebuild America Business Partners and Philips Lighting Company. Lamp Terminology. Lumen (lm): Total quantity of light produced independent of direction Candlepower (cp):

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BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY

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  1. BASICS OF LAMP TECHNOLOGY Created by the U.S. Department of Energy Rebuild America Business Partners and Philips Lighting Company

  2. Lamp Terminology • Lumen (lm): Total quantity of light produced independent of direction • Candlepower (cp): Quantity of light emitted in a specific direction • Illumination: Quantity of light falling on a surface measured in footcandles • Footcandle (fc): Amount of lumens falling on an area (lm/sf)

  3. Lamp Terminology • Lux (lx): Metric equivalent of the footcandle. 1 fc ~ 10 lx • Color Temperature (Kelvin, K) The apparent color of a lamp expressed in Kelvin 3000K ~ Warm White 4100K ~ Cool White • Color Rendering Index (CRI) Measure from 0 - 100 of how well a lamp renders color based on incandescent being 100 (best).

  4. Lamp Terminology • Lumen Maintenance: How well a lamp maintains light output over life. Usually shown as a percentage.

  5. Lamp Sizing • Based on diameter at widest point • All lamp types follow this format • Sizes are described in 1/8” increments • Examples: A-19 = 19/8” = 2-3/8” diameter T-8 = 8/8” = 1” diameter PAR-38 = 38/8” = 4-3/4” diameter

  6. Basic Lamp Types • Incandescent • Fluorescent • High Intensity Discharge • Mercury Vapor • Metal Halide • High Pressure Sodium • Low Pressure Sodium • Induction

  7. Incandescent Lamps • First electric light source ever used • Light produced by heating a metal (filament) • Utilizes various bases as determined by application • Starts instantly • Requires no re-strike time • Available for operation at various voltages

  8. Types of Incandescent Lamps • Standard • Halogen

  9. Standard Lamps • Yellow in appearance • Most often found in residential applications • Poor lumen maintenance due to “blackening” of bulb wall • Applications: • General lighting • Task lighting • Accent lighting • Flood lighting • Specialty lighting

  10. Halogen Lamps • Provides “white” light • Up to 50% more efficient than standard incandescent • Up to 2.5 times the life than standard incandescent • Bulb walls remain virtually clean due to halogen process • Improved lumen maintenance

  11. Halogen Process • Halogen process provides the longer life and higher lumen maintenance • Tungsten evaporates from the filament and condenses on bulb wall • Tungsten atom combines with the halogen atom to form tungsten-halogen molecule • Floating molecule comes in the vicinity of the filament • Very hot filament evaporates halogen • Tungsten re-deposited on filament

  12. Halogen Lamp Applications • Display and accent lighting • General lighting • Task lighting • Floodlighting

  13. Incandescent Lamp Shapes A-19 BR-40 ER-30 G-30 Arbitrary Bulged Reflector Elliptical Reflector Globe PAR-38 R-30 T-10 Parabolic Aluminized Reflector Reflector Tubular

  14. Types of Fluorescent Lamps • Pre-Heat • Slimline • Rapid Start • High Output • Very High Output • Compact

  15. Pre-Heat Lamps • Bi-pin base • Utilize starter circuit • Preheats electrodes in lamp before starting • Starts in 2 to 3 seconds • Example: Old fluorescent desk lamp -- Hold down button to start • F15T8, F30T8 (these are not the energy-efficient T8’s)

  16. Slimline Lamps • Single pin base • Lamps start instantly • Ballast provides high voltage • Found on 8’ lamp type -- F96T12

  17. Rapid Start Lamps • Most common lamp type • Bi-pin base • Cathodes continuously heated • Lamps start in 1 to 2 seconds with rapid start ballast • Lamps start instantly with instant start ballast • F32T8 is an example

  18. High Output • Recessed double contact base • Rapid start circuits • Operate at 800 milliamperes • Produce 40% more light as regular T12 • Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor applications • F96T12/HO is a typical 8’ lamp found

  19. Very High Output • Recessed double contact base • Rapid start circuits • Operate at 1500 milliamperes • Produce twice as much light as regular T12 • Typically used in high ceiling and outdoor applications • F96T12/VHO is a typical 8’ lamp found

  20. Energy-Efficient T12 Lamps • Interchangeable with standard T12 lamps • Operate at 15 to 20% lower wattage (i.e. 40 vs. 34) • Produce approximately 12% less lumens • More efficient than standard lamps • Will not operate to specification in temperatures below 60°F

  21. Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Energy-efficient replacement for many incandescent lamps • Up to 75% energy savings • About 4 times the efficacy • Up to 13 times the life • Operates similarly to standard fluorescent lamps • Ballast required - internal or external • High color rendering • Excellent lumen maintenance - up to 90%

  22. Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Screw-in lamps • Installed directly into incandescent sockets • Integral electronic ballast in base • Various sizes, shapes and wattages • 82 CRI @ 2700K • Dimmable available

  23. Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes Universal A-Lamp Reflector Globe Table Outdoor Specialty

  24. Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Plug-in lamps • Require new sockets • Independent ballast system • Various sizes, shapes and wattages • Screw-in adapters available for some applications • 82 CRI and various color temperatures • Some are dimmable

  25. Compact Fluorescent Lamp Shapes Double Tube Quad Tube Triple Tube Low Wattage Double Tube High Wattage

  26. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps • Consist of 3 lamp types • Mercury Vapor • Metal Halide • High Pressure Sodium • Gases in lamp are under high pressure

  27. Mercury Vapor Lamps • Oldest of the HID family: Introduced in 1950 • Least efficient of the HID family: 32 - 63 LPW • 12,000 - 24,000 hour life • Blue-green color light • Applications • Industrial • Parking Areas • Landscape • Roadways • Security

  28. Metal Halide Lamps • Introduced in 1964 • Superior color rendering over mercury vapor • Increased efficacy over mercury vapor: 60-125 LPW • 6,000 to 20,000 hours life • Applications • Industrial • Commercial • Flood Lighting • Sports • Street/Parking Lighting • Retail

  29. High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps • Introduced in 1965 • Most efficient of HID family: 65-140 LPW • Poor color rendering • Excellent life: 10,000 - 30,000 hours • Applications • Industrial • Warehouses • Roadway • Security • Flood Lighting • Parking lots

  30. Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps • Lamp gases are under low pressure • Highest efficacy of any light source: up to 183 LPW • Monochromatic yellow light • All objects appear gray • Application • Security • Areas where high efficacy required and color rendition not a concern

  31. Operating Characteristics of HID & LPS

  32. Induction Lighting • 100,000 hour life • Operates in temperature range of -30°F to 130°F • High color rendering • Available in various colors • Operates using a magnetic field • Vibration resistant

  33. Induction Lighting • High power factor • Cooler operation than HID sources • Applications: • Problematic maintenance areas • Security lighting • Low bay • Flood lighting • Landscape lighting • General lighting

  34. Range of Light Output (Lumens)

  35. Range of Rated Life (Hours)

  36. Lamp Efficacy

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