Question of the day – April 5

1. Question of the day – April 5 • What bone in a bird is homologous to the clavicle in humans?

2. Tendons, Ligaments and Joints How do I move?

3. Bones • Remember: there are 206 bones in the adult body • Bones are stiff and hard

4. How do I move? • Connective tissue holds bones and muscles together • Joints allow movement

5. Connective tissue • Does NOT contain calcium • NOT hard like bones • 3 main types of connective tissue: • Tendons • Ligament • Cartilage

6. Tendons • Connect muscles to bones • Act like a tough cord • Allow muscles to pull on bones

7. Ligaments • Connect bones to bones • Strong, fibrous straps • Can stretch more than tendons • Allow bones to move without coming apart

8. Cartilage • Supports bones and keeps them from rubbing against each other • Flexible and rubbery • A baby’s skeleton is made of cartilage • After birth, real bones replace the cartilage skeleton • BUT cartilage stays at the end of bones

9. Collagen • Not a types of connective tissue • BUT found in connective tissue • Protein that strengthens connective tissue and bones

10. Function of joints • Junction betweenbones • Bind parts of the skeleton together • Make bone growth possible • Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth • Enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction

11. Types of joints • There are 3 main types of joints: • Immobile • Semimobile • Mobile

12. Immobile joints • Are in a fixed position • Prevent the joints they join from moving • E.g. the skull

13. Semimobile bones • Allow a limited range of movement between the bones • E.g. The vertebrae

14. Mobile joints • The connecting point where two bones are joined together • Allow for a broad range of movement

15. Mobile joints • 6 types of mobile joints: • Ball and socket • condyloing • Pivot • Saddle • Hinge • Gliding

16. Types of mobiles joints Ball-and-Socket Joint: Allows for radial movement in almost any direction. (Hip, Shoulder) CondyloidJoint : Allows for back and forth movement only. (fingers)

17. Types of mobiles joints • Gliding Joint • Formed between the flat surfaces of two bones. Allows for up\down, back and forth movement. (wrists) • Hinge Joint • Allows for back and forth movement in one direction only. (elbows)

18. Pivot Joint: Allows for radial\ twisting movement. Saddle Joint Formed by the concave and convex regions of two bones, allowing a wide range of movement. (Thumb)

19. Types of joint movement • abduction/adduction • dorsiflexion/plantarflexion • flexion/extension/hyperextension

20. Types of joint movement • rotation/circumduction • supination/pronation

21. Types of joint movement • eversion/inversion • protraction/retraction • elevation/depression

22. Diseases and Conditions of the Skeletal System

23. Arthritis

27. Bursitis • Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint). • A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition. • Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.

30. Tendonitis • Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal smooth gliding motion of your tendon is impaired, the tendon will become inflamed and movement will become painful. This is called tendonitis, and literally means inflammation of the tendon. • The most common cause of tendonitis is overuse.

32. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome • Any condition that causes swelling or a change in position of the tissue within the carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the median nerve. Irritation of the median nerve in this manner causes tingling and numbness of the thumb, index, and the middle fingers, a condition known as "carpal tunnel syndrome."

35. Osteoporosis • Osteoporosis is a term that means "porous bones." It is a skeletal disease affecting women and men. Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones have lost mineralsespecially calciumﾑmaking them weaker, more brittle, and susceptible to fractures (broken bones). Any bone in the body can be affected by osteoporosis, but the most common places where fractures occur are the back (spine), hips, and wrists.

39. Scoliosis • Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine. If your child has scoliosis, the view from behind may reveal one or more abnormal curves.Scoliosis runs in families, but doctors often don't know the cause. More girls than boys have severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis may be a worsening of a condition that began in childhood, but wasn't diagnosed or treated. In other cases, scoliosis may result from a degenerative joint condition in the spine.

44. Kyphosis • With kyphosis, your spine may look normal or you may develop a hump. Kyphosis can occur as a result of developmental problems; degenerative diseases, such as arthritis of the spine; osteoporosis with compression fractures of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine. It can affect children, adolescents and adults.

47. Lordosis • A normal spine, when viewed from behind appears straight. However, a spine affected by lordosis shows evidence of a curvature of the back bones (vertebrae) in the lower back area, giving the child a "swayback" appearance.

50. Tuberculosis of the Spine- Pott’s Disease • As a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that impacts the spine, Pott’s disease has an effect that is sometimes described as being a sort of arthritis for the vertebrae that make up the spinal column. More properly known as tuberculosis spondylitis, Pott’s disease is named after Dr. Percivall Pott, an eighteenth century surgeon who was considered an authority in issues related to the back and spine.Pott's disease is often experienced as a local phenomenon that begins in the thoracic section of the spinal column. Early signs of the presence of Pott’s disease generally begin with back pain that may seem to be due to simple muscle strain. However, in short order, the symptoms will begin to multiply.