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Virtual Memory

Virtual Memory. Objectives. Avoid copy/restore entire address space Avoid unusable holes in memory Increase program RAM past physical limits Allocation based on virtual memory policy Freedom from user requirements Extended abstraction for users Strategies

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Virtual Memory

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  1. Virtual Memory

  2. Objectives • Avoid copy/restore entire address space • Avoid unusable holes in memory • Increase program RAM past physical limits • Allocation based on virtual memory policy • Freedom from user requirements • Extended abstraction for users • Strategies • Paging - fixed sized blocks called pages • Segmentation - variable sized segments

  3. Address Translation Mapping • Done at runtime • Only the part being used is loaded • Actually a small initial page-set > 1 page • Page size determined by the O/S • Instruction execution proceeds until an "addressing" or "missing data" fault • O/S gets control • Loads missing page • Re-start the instruction with new data address

  4. Mapping -2 • Formally: βt : vaddress  paddress  {Ω} • Βt is a time-varying map • t is the process's virtual time • Virtual memory manager implements the mapping. ANY mechanism is valid if it follows the definition. • βt(i) will be either: • Real address of virtual address i • Ω

  5. Concepts • Entire virtual address space on disk • Small set of virtual addresses bound to real addresses at any instant • Virtual addresses are scattered • Page size depends on hardware • Page size usually = page frame size • Counter-example (OS/VS2 (2k) on VM (4k)) • # page frames computed from physical memory constraints

  6. Computations • Page size=2h& Page frame size=2h • Usually constrained by hardware protection • Number of system pages: n = 2g • Number of process pages/frames: m = 2j • For aprocess: • Number virtual addresses: G= 2g2h= 2g+h • Number physical addresses: H=2j+h • FYI: • For Pentiums: g = 20 h=12 (page size=4K) • So G = 4 GB (max program size, including O/S)

  7. Processing Ω • If function returns Ω • Find location i on disk • Bring it into main memory • Re-translate i • Re-start the instruction • Significant overhead • O/S context switch • Table search • I/O for missing address

  8. Segmentation & Paging • Segmentation • Programs divided into segments • Location references are <seg#, offset> • I/O (Swap) whole segments (variable sized) • Programmer can control swapping • External fragmentation can occur • Paging • I/O (page) fixed-size blocks • Location references are linear • No programmer control of paging

  9. Description of Translation • n = pages in virtual space • m =allocated frames • i is a virtual address 0<=i<=G G= 2g+h • k=a physical memory address =U*2h + V 0<=V<2h • c page size=2h • Page number = (i/c)  • U is the page frame number • V=line number (offset in page) = i mod c

  10. Policies • Fetch - when to load a page • Replace - victim selection (when full) • Position (placement) - (when not full) • # available frames is constant • Page reference stream - numbers of the pages a P references in order of reference

  11. Paging Algorithm • Page fault occurs • Process with missing page is interrupted • Memory manager locates missing page • Page frame is unloaded (replacement policy) • Page is loaded into vacated page frame • Page table is updated • Process is restarted

  12. Demand Paging Algorithms • Random - many 'missing page' faults • Belady - for comparisons only • Least Recently Used - if recently used, will be again, so dump the LRU page • Least Frequently Used - dump the most useless page - influenced by locality, slow to react • LRU, LFU are both Stack algorithms

  13. 2nd Chance • Adds two bits to table • R – page was referenced • M – page was modified • If (R==1) {R= 0 try next page } else take this page

  14. Page Mgmt Structures Virtual address PTE A - Assigned D - Dirty K - Prot. Key

  15. Page Table Lookup Page Table 1 entry per Page Pg# Process page-table ptr (a register)

  16. Inverted Page Tables • Useful for locating in-machine pages • Extract virtual page # (VPN) from address • Hash the VPN to an index • Search the table for this index • Each entry has VPN, frame# (PPN) • Efficient for small memories • Collisions must be resolved • Note: uses page#, not address

  17. Inverted Page Tables -2 • Regular page table • Uses virtual page # directly • Entry per page • Inverted table • Uses virtual page # as hash input • Sparse lookup table • Finds frame if in memory • Followed by disk address lookup if needed • Entry per frame

  18. Inverted Page Tables e.g.; 17 Hashing Function 1 entry per Frame F = 1 because Pg# (17) matches in row 1 of table F=1

  19. Translation Lookaside Buffer Frame# VPN offset page If no TLB 'hit' TLB - h/w-cached simultaneous (associative) lookup S/W lookup table line by line lookup offset frame

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