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Chem101 Chapter 01

Chem101 Chapter 01. Chemical Foundations. Chapter 1- Preview. This chapter covers the following: Scientific Methods Measurements used in the laboratory Units, uncertainty, significant figures Handling numerical results Operational rules, unit Factor, … Classification of Matter

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Chem101 Chapter 01

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  1. Chem101Chapter 01 Chemical Foundations

  2. Chapter 1-Preview This chapter covers the following: • Scientific Methods • Measurements used in the laboratory • Units, uncertainty, significant figures • Handling numerical results • Operational rules, unit Factor, … • Classification of Matter • Element, compound, mixture, … CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  3. Introduction • Chemistry is all around you all the time • body, plants, cars, … etc. • Chemistry is important to historians • Dinosaurs disappearance ????? {meteor}. • Decline of Roman Empire ?????? {lead poisoning}. • Chemistry is important in determining a person’s behaviour • Statesville Prison (Illinois)  (violent) !!!!!!!! • Insects communications (Pheromones) !!!!!!!!!! CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  4. 1.1Chemistry: An overview Goal: “Understand the concepts of Chemistry” • It is fundamentally concerned with: "How one substance changes to another" • How plants grow by absorbing water and Carbon dioxide? • How humans manufacture the proteins from the food we consume? • ….. and on and on CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  5. Reaction Electric Current 1.1Chemistry: An overview • Water most common and important substance, is composed of two types of atoms, Hydrogen and Oxygen. • "Scientists" Scientists are usually excellent problem solvers because they have to master the scientific approach or “Scientific Method” CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  6. 1.2 The Scientific Method It is a systematic approach to research that includes: • Define the problem • Perform experiment and collect data • Enough data may led to "Hypothesis" Law: summary of observed behavior Theory: model attempt to explain CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  7. 1.3 Units of Measurement Quantitative Measurement, consists of two parts: a number and a scale (unit) • In 1960, an international agreement get up a system of units called International System (SI- system) based on metric system. CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  8. 1.3 Units of Measurement Prefixes:are used to change the size of the unit CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  9. 1.3 Units of Measurement • Volume is not fundamental SI – unit, but very commonly used in chemistry, {SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)} • 1 m3 = (10 dm)3 = 1000 dm3 = 1000 L • Used unit in liter = 1dm3 • 1 L = 1dm3 = (10 cm)3 = 1000 cm3 (ml) CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  10. 1.4 Uncertainty in measurement Any measurement always has some degree of uncertainty. Record the certain digits and the first uncertain digit only. [ certain + first uncertain] The total numbers of the digits are called " Significant Figures" • e.g., Volume = 22.2 ± 0.1 ml Example 1.1: What is the difference between the measurements 25.00mL and 25mL? CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  11. 1.4 Uncertainty in measurement Precision and Accuracy • Errors • Random error: • Systematic error: CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  12. 1.5 Significant Figures (SF) and Calculations Rules for Counting Significant Figures: • Nonzero integers are countable as SF. • Zeros: - "Leading zeros” are not significant. e.g. 0.0025 (2 SF) - "Captive zeros” Count as s.f. e.g.: 1.008 (4 SF) - "Trailing zeros” count as s.f. eg. : 100 = 1.00 X 102 (3 SF) • Exact numbers have an infinite number of SF e.g. 10 experiment, 5 apples, 8 books … so on. .. • Exponential notation: it is used to express large or small numbers in the correct SF e.g. 0.000060 convenient  6.0 x 10-5 CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  13. 1.5 Significant Figures (SF) and Calculations Rules for SF in Mathematical Operations: • Multiplication / Division: Final results have the same SF in the least precise measurement used in calculation. • Addition / Subtraction: Final results have the same number of decimal places as the least precise numbers. CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  14. 1.6 Dimensional Analysis conversion of a given results from one system unit to an other using "Unit Factor Method" or dimensional analysis. Note: Sometime you have to do multi-step conversion to get correct answer. CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  15. 1.7 Temperature Engineering Science Difference Is complicated Difference Is in their zero Tc = (TF-32oF) x 5oF/ 9oC TF = (T0C x 9oF/5oC) + 32oF T(Kelvin) = T(oC) + 273.15 CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  16. 1.8 Density A property of matter that is often used by chemists. CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  17. 1.9 Classification of matter Read (pp. 26-30) and Report (HW#2): • Define : Matter, Mixtures, Physical changes, Chemical Changes, Compound, and Element • Define: Distillation, Filtration, and Chromatography CHEM 101-Chapter 1

  18. Chapter One: END of What is this apparatus? What is its main opeation? CHEM 101-Chapter 1

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