8.2 Photosynthesis

1. 8.2 Photosynthesis Pages 222-227

2. LEQ: How is energy, which ultimately comes from the sun, transformed into useable energy?

3. Introduction to Photosynthesis Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp&NR=1&v=zEgIO9Kq2_Y

4. Photosynthesis • Photosynthesis is the process of turning light energy into chemical energy!

5. Chemical Equation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mpPwmvtDjWw

6. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in TWO phases. • Light-dependent reactions • Light-independent reactions (dark reactions)

7. Remember the “reactants”……. • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Water (H20) • Energy (sunlight)

8. Where do the reactants come from? • CO2 (a gas) is in the atmosphere and enters the plant through small openings on the back of leaves called stomata. The stomata is where gas exchange occurs. CO2 in; O2 out

9. Where does everything come from? • Water (H20) comes from the soil absorbed by the plants roots.

10. Where does everything come from? Light energy comes from the sun andis captured by chloroplasts.

11. Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts capture light energy and are found mainly in the LEAVES.

12. !REVIEW! What are the 3 reactants and how do they get into a plant? • WATER----The roots • Carbon Dioxide---The stomata • Light---The chloroplast. Is photosynthesis catabolic or anabolic??

13. What organelle does photosynthesis take place in? Chloroplast

14. Inside the chloroplast. • thylakoids – saclike photosynthetic membranes • grana – stacks of thylakoids • stroma – space outside the thylakoids

15. How plants obtainenergy Thylakoids have light-absorbing colored molecules called PIGMENTS • Chlorophyll a & b = blue/green • Xanthophyll = yellow • Carotenoids = orange/red • Anthocyanin = red/purple

16. The principle pigment in plants is chlorophyll that’s why plants appear green!!

17. Ok… now we have all the reactants….Lets make some SUGAR!! This is where it starts to get confusing so listen up!!

18. The Two Phases of Photosynthesis • Phase I - Light Dependent Reaction (occurs in the thylakoids) • Light energy is absorbed and TRANSFORMED to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH molecules) Rember Chemical energy is ATP!!

19. Video Clip Explaining Phase I of Photosynthesis – Light Dependent Reactions • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oi2_n2wbB9o&feature=player_embedded

20. What you NEED to Know! • At the end of Phase I, the plant has made • ATP (energy) • NADPH (electron carrier) • O2 (oxygen)

21. Phase II– Light Independent Reaction (or the Dark Reaction/Calvin Cycle) (occurs in stroma) • NADPH and ATP that were formed during light dependent reactions are used to make glucose

22. How plants transform energy Calvin Cycle converts carbon dioxide into sugar using the NADPH & ATP energy from the light-dependent reactions.

23. Light Independent Reaction(The Dark Reaction)(Calvin Cycle) • ATP and NADPH contain a high amount of energy, but are short stores (no longer than a few minutes). • So plants use the ATP and NADPH to build GLUCOSE which can be stored for a longer time.

24. The Calvin Cycle • Does not require light. • 6 carbon dioxide molecules are required from the atmosphere • ATP & NADPH powers the cycle

25. Reactants & products • The Calvin Cycle uses 6 molecules of CO2 to produce a single 6-Carbon sugar molecule called glucose. • Uses for sugars include: form starches & cellulose. When other organisms eat plants, they can also use the energy stored in carbohydrates.

26. And Now a boring person explaining it

27. Summary of Photosynthesis Light Reactions Dark reactions (Calvin cycle) Inputs: ◦ ATP ◦ NADPH ◦ CO2 Outputs: ◦ Sugars OCCURS IN THE STROMA • Inputs: Light Water • Outputs: ATP NADPH Oxygen (O2) OCCURS IN THYLOKOID

28. Summary • Phase I Phase II

29. Let’s review… Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions

30. What materials come into the chloroplast that are used in the light-dependent reactions?

31. What material comes into the chloroplast that is used by the Calvin Cycle?

32. What material moves out of the chloroplast from the light-dependent reactions?

33. What materials move out of the chloroplast from the Calvin Cycle?

34. What materials move from the light-dependent reactions to the Calvin Cycle?

35. What materials move from the Calvin Cycle back to the light-dependent reactions?

36. Factors that can affect photosynthesis 1. Amount of water 2. Temperatures 3. Light Intensity 4. Amount of CO2

37. Alternative Pathways • C4 Plants- When water is scarce these plants keep there stomata closed. So instead of fixing carbon into 3-carbon compounds they do 4. • CAM Plants-Only open there stomata at night

38. And Now………. • THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS RAP! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKSSH4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

39. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Formative Questions Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place? chloroplasts Golgi apparatus mitochondria vacuoles

40. Cellular Energy Chapter 8 8.2 Formative Questions How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants? They accelerate photosynthesis. They release more oxygen. They help the plant conserve water. They reduce the requirement for ATP.

42. STOP! • Using the cards provided, at your lab table, assemble the equation for photosynthesis with your lab partner(s). • On a piece of paper, each person should draw a diagram of a plant showing the typical inputs and outputs of the photosynthetic process with your lab partner (s). • Write the equation for photosynthesis on the paper as well.

43. The Photosynthesis Song • GET READY TO DANCE!! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKSSH4&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active