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Chapter 53

Chapter 53. Community Ecology. Interaction Between Populations. Interspecific interactions – occur between populations of different species , within a community Coevolution – when two species evolve together Example: a flowering plant and a pollinator . Predation +/-.

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Chapter 53

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  1. Chapter 53 Community Ecology

  2. Interaction Between Populations • Interspecific interactions – occur between populations of different species, within a community • Coevolution – when two species evolve together • Example: a flowering plant and a pollinator

  3. Predation+/- • Most predators have senses that help them seek their prey • Some snakes have heat sensors • Herbivory • Animals avoid predation by hiding, escaping or defending themselves

  4. Avoiding Predation • Adaptive coloration • Camouflage (shape, color, deception) • Aposematic coloration • Bright colors alert predators to possible chemical toxins • Mimicry • When a predator or prey mimic another species • Hawkmoth puffs puff up their heads when disturbed • Batesian – when unharmful species change to harmful species • Muellerian – intimidation by numbers (snapping turtles)

  5. Parasitism+/- • Endoparasites – parasites that live within the prey • Ectoparasites – feed off the outside of the prey • PARASITES DON’T WANT TO KILL THEIR HOST!

  6. Tick trying to insert itself into the skin of a human. A tick is an ectoparasite.

  7. Competition-/- • Interference competition – fighting over resources • Exploitative competition – consumption or use of similar resources • Competitive exclusion principle – two species with similar needs for the same limiting resource cant coexist in the same place

  8. Niches • An organisms “job” • Fundamental: theoretical role • Realized: actual role • Restated competitive exclusion principle – two species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are identical

  9. What happens to 2 organisms who have the same niche? • The weaker species goes extinct • One species will evolve enough to use a different set of resources • Resource partitioning – sympatric species consume slightly different foods or use slightly different resources

  10. Commensalism +/0 • “hitch-hiking” • One benefits, the other isn’t affected • Examples • Algae on shells • Barnacles on whales

  11. Commensalism ^

  12. Mutualism+/+ • When both species benefit • It protects against predators • Sometimes ensures reproductive success • Symbiosis • Example: clownfish & anemone

  13. Keystone Species • Makes an unusually large impact on community structure compared to their relative size • Ex. – beavers build dams that decrease the chance of floods • Ex. – African elephants uproot trees and shrubs, turning forest areas into savannahs or grasslands

  14. Primary vs. Secondary Succession PRIMARY SECOND The recovery of an ecosystem Soil is already formed, the succession follows • The beginning of a new ecosystem • When a completely new environment arises. • Soil needs to be formed • Pioneer species arrives • Succession continues http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/demo/PrimarySuccession.html

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