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网络系统. Network Systems. 网络系统. 多媒体网络系统可用于交换不同计算机之间的离散和连续媒体数据,这种通信需要有合适的服务和协议来实现数据交换。 A multimedia networking system allows for the data exchange of discrete and continuous media among computers.This communication requires proper services and protocols for data transmission. 层、协议和服务
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网络系统 Network Systems
网络系统 • 多媒体网络系统可用于交换不同计算机之间的离散和连续媒体数据,这种通信需要有合适的服务和协议来实现数据交换。 • A multimedia networking system allows for the data exchange of discrete and continuous media among computers.This communication requires proper services and protocols for data transmission.
层、协议和服务 • 服务就是提供给应用系统的一组操作。根据 OSI模型的约定,逻辑上相关的服务放入一个 层中。因此每一层都提供了一组服务。 • Layers, Protocols and Services • A service provides a set of operations to the requesting application.Logically related services are grouped into layers according to the OSI reference model.Therefore , each layer is a service provider to the layer lying above.
这些服务给出了该层能提供的操作和它的服务元(服务数据元SDU)的格式(语法部分)和意义(语义部分)。不同计算机相应实例协同工作构成服务。这些服务给出了该层能提供的操作和它的服务元(服务数据元SDU)的格式(语法部分)和意义(语义部分)。不同计算机相应实例协同工作构成服务。 • The services describe the behavior of the layer and its service elements (Service Data Units = SDUs).A proper service specification contains no information concerning any aspects of the implementation.
协议由一组规则组成,当进行通信时还必须后跟相应的层实例。协议由一组规则组成,当进行通信时还必须后跟相应的层实例。 • A protocol consists of a set of rules which must be followed by peer layer instances during any communication between these two peers.
它的构成成分包括交换数据信元(协议数 据信元,PDU)的格式(语法部分)和意义(语义部分)。不同计算机相应实例协同工作构成服务. • It is comprised of the format (syntax) and the meaning (semantics) of the exchanged data units (Protocol Data Units=PDUs). The peer instances of different computers Cooperate together to provide a service.
音频和视频数据处理必须限制在一定的时限间隔内完成。数据传输(应用或传输层接口之间)都必须考虑时间范围的要求。音频和视频数据处理必须限制在一定的时限间隔内完成。数据传输(应用或传输层接口之间)都必须考虑时间范围的要求。 • Audio and video data processing need to be bounded by deadlines or even defined by a time interval. The data transmission--both between applications and transport layer interfaces of the involved components--must follow within the demands concerning the time domains.
必须对端到端的抖动加以限制。对交互式应用(例如电话)来说这一点尤为重要,抖动值越大意味着需要更大的缓冲,会产生更高的端到端延时。必须对端到端的抖动加以限制。对交互式应用(例如电话)来说这一点尤为重要,抖动值越大意味着需要更大的缓冲,会产生更高的端到端延时。 • End-to-end jitter must be bounded. This is especially important for interactive applications such as the telephone.Large jitter values would mean large buffers and higher end-to-end delays.
为了保证数据传输能在所需的时间间隔内完成,必须有足够高的处理器性能,以保证在总线上完成数据传输;必须有保证政党处理协议所需的足够存储空间。为了保证数据传输能在所需的时间间隔内完成,必须有足够高的处理器性能,以保证在总线上完成数据传输;必须有保证政党处理协议所需的足够存储空间。 • All guarantees necessary for achieving the data transfer within the required time span must be met. This includes the required processor performance, as well as the data transfer over a bus and the available storage for protocol processing.
使用多媒体会议系统的协同工作的应用是多媒体通信系统中最主要的应用领域。为了节省资源,这些系统必须支持多点发送连接。在一次会议中发送者可能经常发生变化。使用多媒体会议系统的协同工作的应用是多媒体通信系统中最主要的应用领域。为了节省资源,这些系统必须支持多点发送连接。在一次会议中发送者可能经常发生变化。 • Cooperative work scenarios using multimedia conference systems are the main application areas of multimedia communication systems. These systems should support multicast connections to save resources.The sender instance may often change during a single session.
服务必须提供一种机制来同步不同的数据流,或者也可使用其他系统部件中的现成原语来完成同步。服务必须提供一种机制来同步不同的数据流,或者也可使用其他系统部件中的现成原语来完成同步。 • The services should provide mechanisms for synchronizing different data streams,or alter natively perform the synchronization using available primitives implemented in another system component.
多媒体通信必须与使用最广泛的多媒体协议相兼容,而且必须能利用已存在的和将来的网络。多媒体通信必须与使用最广泛的多媒体协议相兼容,而且必须能利用已存在的和将来的网络。 • The multimedia communication must be compatible with the most widely used communication protocols and must use of existing, as well as future networks.
音频/视频的传输比离散数据通信来得重要,它们有较高的优先级,但是离散数据的传输也应该得到保证,而不应被忽略。音频/视频的传输比离散数据通信来得重要,它们有较高的优先级,但是离散数据的传输也应该得到保证,而不应被忽略。 • The communication of discrete data should not starve because of preferred or guaranteed video/audio transmission. Discrete data must be transmitted without any penalty.
要强调不同的应用、用户和工作站之间的公平原则。要强调不同的应用、用户和工作站之间的公平原则。 • The fairness principle among different applications, users and workstations must be enforced.
真正的音频/视频数据位率变化很大,这将导致服务所处理的整个数据位率的波动。图10.1给出了三个不同情况下的数据位率:人在房中走动的画面(视频),一只播放新闻的杨声器(音频),以及隔在两者之间的与两者不相关的图片。真正的音频/视频数据位率变化很大,这将导致服务所处理的整个数据位率的波动。图10.1给出了三个不同情况下的数据位率:人在房中走动的画面(视频),一只播放新闻的杨声器(音频),以及隔在两者之间的与两者不相关的图片。 • The actual audio/video data rate varies strongly. This leads to fluctuations of the data rate,which needs to be handled by the services.Figure 10.1 shows data rates of three different situations: we distinguish among uncorrelated pictures, persons in a room and a news speaker.
虽然事实上的数据位率值波动很大(例如峰值),但是位率的平均值还是相当低的。图10.1显示的数据位率是基于CCIR 601编码技术的。注意,许多压缩技术都可提供稳定的数据位率,产生依赖于视频内容的视频质量。 • In spite of the high fluctuation of the actual values (the peaks), the average values are relatively low. The information rate, shown in Figure 10.1, is based on a coding according to CCIR 601. Note that many compression schemes enforce a constant data rate, leading to a quality of video that depends o the content.
上面描述的需求适用于通信系统的不同部分,下面在描述多媒体通信系统的同时,描述ISO-OSI参考模型的每一层,该参考模型至少为通信系统提供了一种概念模型。上面描述的需求适用于通信系统的不同部分,下面在描述多媒体通信系统的同时,描述ISO-OSI参考模型的每一层,该参考模型至少为通信系统提供了一种概念模型。 • The above described requirements apply to different components of a communication system. By way of describing multimedia communication systems, let us consider the individual layer of the ISO-OSI Reference Model[Tan88], which provides at least the conceptual basis for any communication system:
1.物理层 物理层定义数据位在物理媒介(例如光纤)上的传输方式。 • 1.Physical Layer The physical layer defines the transmission method of individual bits over the physical medium, such as fiber optics.
例如,在物理层上调制和位同步是很重要的问题,对于某一特定的调制方式,数据传输延时取决于传输媒介的传输速度与所用的电子线路。例如,在物理层上调制和位同步是很重要的问题,对于某一特定的调制方式,数据传输延时取决于传输媒介的传输速度与所用的电子线路。 • For example, the type of modulation and bit-synchronization are important issues. With respect to the particular modulation, delays during the data transmission arise due to the propagation speed of the transmission medium and the electrical circuits used.
2.数据链路层 数据链路层提供信息块(数据帧)传输功能, 并且该层还负责与物理媒介的访问协议接口、错误识别与纠正、流控制和块同步。 2.DataLink Layer The data kink layer provides the transmission of information blocks known as data frames. Further, this layer is responsible for access protocols to the physical medium, error recognition and correction, flow control and block synchronization.
访问协议对网络的依赖性很强。网络可以分成两大类:使用点对点连接的网络和使用广播发送通道(有时称为多访问通道或随机访问通道)的网络。访问协议对网络的依赖性很强。网络可以分成两大类:使用点对点连接的网络和使用广播发送通道(有时称为多访问通道或随机访问通道)的网络。 • Access protocols are very much dependent on the network. Networks can be divided into two categories:those using point-to-point connections and those using broadcast channels,sometimes called multi-access channels or random access channels.
广播发送网络中,在竞争策略下关键的问题是决定由谁访问通道。为了解决这个问题,引入媒体访问控制(MAC)子层,并且开发出了MAC协议,如定时令牌轮转协议和带冲突检测的载体敏感多访问机制(CSMA/CD)。广播发送网络中,在竞争策略下关键的问题是决定由谁访问通道。为了解决这个问题,引入媒体访问控制(MAC)子层,并且开发出了MAC协议,如定时令牌轮转协议和带冲突检测的载体敏感多访问机制(CSMA/CD)。 • In a broadcast network, the key issue is how to determine, in the case of competition, who gets access to the channel. To solve this problem, the Medium Access Control(MAC) sub-layer was introduced and MAC protocols, such as the Timed Token Rotation Protocol and Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), were developed.
在局域网(LAN)中MAC子层非常重要,几乎所有的局域网都使用多访问通道作为它们通信的基础。在局域网(LAN)中MAC子层非常重要,几乎所有的局域网都使用多访问通道作为它们通信的基础。 • The MAC sub-layer is especially important in Local Area Networks (LANs), nearly all of which use multi-access channels as the basis for their communication.
连续数据流需要在整条通信线上保留资源并保证传输吞吐量。为了防止产生较大的延时,多媒体传输不能使用遇错重新传输这种错误控制,因为迟到的帧就是丢失的帧。连续数据流需要在整条通信线上保留资源并保证传输吞吐量。为了防止产生较大的延时,多媒体传输不能使用遇错重新传输这种错误控制,因为迟到的帧就是丢失的帧。 • Continuous data streams require reservation and throughput guarantees over a line.To avoid larger delays, the error control for multimedia transmission needs a different mechanism than retransmission because a late frame is a lost frame.
然而,随着新的基于光纤的高速网络的出现,在这一层上不必再进行错误控制了。这些网络特别适合于多媒体传输,因为它们的传输错误率非常低。然而,随着新的基于光纤的高速网络的出现,在这一层上不必再进行错误控制了。这些网络特别适合于多媒体传输,因为它们的传输错误率非常低。 • However, because of the new high-speed networks based on fiber optics, there may not be a need for any error control at this layer. These networks favor multimedia transmission because of their very low transmission error rate.
并且固定大小的信息块(例如在异步传输模式(ATM)网络使用的信元)便于产生高效的协议实现,能够在整条通信线上保留资源并保证传输吞吐量。并且固定大小的信息块(例如在异步传输模式(ATM)网络使用的信元)便于产生高效的协议实现,能够在整条通信线上保留资源并保证传输吞吐量。 • Further, a fixed-size information block (cell), such as in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks,allows for an efficient protocol implementation providing, reservations and guaranteed throughput.
3.网络层 网络层用于在一个站点与另一站点之间传输块(称为数据包)。传输可以在几个网络之间进行。因此,这一层提供的服务包括寻址、网络互连、错误处理、网络管理(包括拥挤控制和数据包排队)等等。 • 3.Networks Layer The network layer transports information blocks, called packets, from one station to another. The transport may involve several networks.Therefore, this layer provides services such as addressing, error handling, network management with congestion control and sequencing of packets.
在这一层上的连续媒体传输需要资源保留和保证。为实现资源保证而提供的资源保留需求用服务质量(QoS)参数定义,该参数相当于连续数据流传输中的 QoS 参数。 • Again, continuous media requite resource reservation and guarantees for transmission at this layer. A request for reservation for later resource guarantees is defined through Quality of Service (QoS) parameters,which correspond to the requirements for continuous data stream transmission.
在通信的两个站点之间必须完成资源保留。出于这个目的,需要使用面向连续的方法,因为该方法在建立连接的同时就完成保留。使用这个方法,点对点的延时和抖动都很小,也能保证有正确的数据包次序。在通信的两个站点之间必须完成资源保留。出于这个目的,需要使用面向连续的方法,因为该方法在建立连接的同时就完成保留。使用这个方法,点对点的延时和抖动都很小,也能保证有正确的数据包次序。 • The reservation must be done along the path between the communicating stations. For this purpose, connection-oriented behavior is needed where the reservation is made during the connection setup. Through this approach, end-to-end delay with small jitter and correct packet ordering can be enforced.
如果存在网络互连,对于不同的多点发送和广播发送连接的通信结构,还必须有数据包的复制,这会使资源保留处理复杂化。连接网络的QoS必须在这一层决定。如果存在网络互连,对于不同的多点发送和广播发送连接的通信结构,还必须有数据包的复制,这会使资源保留处理复杂化。连接网络的QoS必须在这一层决定。 • If internetworking is included, for different communication structures in multicasting or broadcasting connections, duplication of packets can follow, which may introduce further complexity into the reservation process. The network QoS for a connection should be negotiated at this layer.
4.传输层 传输层提供进程到进程间的连接。在这一层,网络层提供的QoS被进一步强化,即如果网络服务不适当,则传输层必须弥补传输用户与网络层提供能力之间的缺口。 • 4.Transport Layer The transport layer provides a process-to –process connection. At this layer, the QoS , which is provided by the network layer, is enhanced, meaning that if the network service is poor, the transport layer has to bridge the gap between what the transport users want and what the network layer provides.
在这一层,发送时将较大的数据包分成较小的数据包,在接收端又将它们组装成原来的大小。错误处理是基于进程-进程通信之上的。在这一层,发送时将较大的数据包分成较小的数据包,在接收端又将它们组装成原来的大小。错误处理是基于进程-进程通信之上的。 • Large packets are segmented at this layer and reassembled into their original size at the receiver. Error handling is based on process-to –process communication.
对于连续媒体流,QoS参数必须与它们的需求相匹配。错误处理不包括遇错重新传输机制,因为该机制会产生较高的端对端延时和较大的抖动。对于连续媒体流,QoS参数必须与它们的需求相匹配。错误处理不包括遇错重新传输机制,因为该机制会产生较高的端对端延时和较大的抖动。 • With respect to continuous data streams , the QoS parameters must match their requirements. Again, the error handling does not include retransmission because this mechanism would introduce high end-to-end delays and strong jitter.
在一个连接的两个LDU(逻辑数据信元)之间的同步和不同连接的SDU(会话数据信元)之间的同步都是这一层的功能。在一个连接的两个LDU(逻辑数据信元)之间的同步和不同连接的SDU(会话数据信元)之间的同步都是这一层的功能。 • Also, synchronization, which allows time relations between two LDUs (Logical Data Unit) of one connection, and between SDUs (Session Data Unit) of different connections, is often said to be a function of this layer.
5.会话层 会话层能保证在一次会话中某个连接是确实存在的。会话的类型包括点对点会话、多点发送会话(一个源连接到多个目标)和多点接收会话(多个源连接到一个目标)。 • 5.Session Layer The session layer guarantees the existence of a connection during a session. Types of sessions include point-to-point sessions, multicast sessions (a connection to many destinations) and multi-drop sessions (a connection from many sources).
在连接媒体的情况下,必须建立一个或一个以上传输连接中存在的多媒体会话,这会导致非常复杂的连接重构问题。另外一方面的问题是数据编码问题。在连接媒体的情况下,必须建立一个或一个以上传输连接中存在的多媒体会话,这会导致非常复杂的连接重构问题。另外一方面的问题是数据编码问题。 • In the case of continuous media, multimedia sessions which reside over one or more transport connections, must be established. This introduces a more complex view on connection reconstruction in the case of transport problems.Another aspect is data coding.
对表示层来说,非常重要的一点是,它必须知道LDU是否准备好,特别是在内部帧已经压缩的情况下。对表示层来说,非常重要的一点是,它必须知道LDU是否准备好,特别是在内部帧已经压缩的情况下。 • It is important for the presentation layer to know when an LDU is ready for presentation, especially if , for example, an intraframe was compressed.
6.表示层 表示层从不同的格式(本地语义)中抽象出来,提供统一的格式的(传输语义)。 • 6. Presentation Layer The presentation layer abstracts from different formats (The local syntax) and provides common formats (transfer syntax).
因此该层必须在特定的格式和统一的格式之间提供交换服务。例如在Intel和Motorola处理器的不同数据表示方法之间。因此该层必须在特定的格式和统一的格式之间提供交换服务。例如在Intel和Motorola处理器的不同数据表示方法之间。 • Therefore, this layer must provide services for transformation between the application-specific formats and the agreed- upon format. An example is the different representation of a number for Intel or Motorola processors.
7.应用层 应用层要考虑所有特有应用的服务,例如嵌入在文件传输协议(ftp)的文件传输服务和电子邮件服务。 • 7. Application Layer The application layer considers all application- specific services, such as file transfer service embedded in the file transfer protocol (ftp) and the electronic mail service.
对于音频和视频,必须提供支持实时访问和传输的专用服务。例如,在视频点播应用中必须开发出用于支持实时数据库访问和传输的视频服务器专用服务[RVG+93]。对于音频和视频,必须提供支持实时访问和传输的专用服务。例如,在视频点播应用中必须开发出用于支持实时数据库访问和传输的视频服务器专用服务[RVG+93]。 • With respect to audio and video, special services for support of real-time access and transmission must be provided. For example, in the case of an application such as video-on- demand, special services on the video serer side for support of real-time database access and transmission must be developed [RVG +93].