Occupational accidents – a holistic approach

1. Occupational accidents – a holistic approach Daryl Attwood, PhD * Based on research conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

2. Safety notes • No alarm tests are expected, so any heard are real • Evacuation routes • Muster location

3. Lloyd’s Register • Celebrated 250th anniversary in 2010. • Lloyd’s coffee house – London – not the insurance company • Primary objective – safety of people in the industries we serve. • Began with ships – now in many industries, including a significant oil and gas presence.

4. Major accidents…. Explosions - Piper Alpha Helicopter crashes

5. Fatality causes Accidents usually defined as “Major Accidents” (air transport, explosion, burn): 24%. Other accidents: 76%

6. Occupational accidents – trips, falls, etc.….

7. Occupational accident root causes……… Direct causes? Quality of safety equipment? Weather conditions? Safety behaviour? Organisational issues? Training? Procedures? Corporate safety culture? Lost time incident frequency (LTIF) ranged from 0.00 to 3.96 Something even broader? Cultural / Regional differences? Global Fatal Accident Rate (FAR) = 3.1 Middle East = 2.4, Africa, 4.4, South America 5.2 Financial pressure on corporations? FAR = Fatal accidents per 100 million hours workedLTIF = Fatalities + lost workday cases per one million hours worked

8. Corporate differences

9. Regional differences

10. Regionaldifferences Africa, FSU greater than 5 Europe, Middle East, North and South America between 2.9 and 4. Asia, Australia less than 1.5

11. Safety experts polled as part of research to gather opinion with respect to the relative importance of many factors……some selected results….

12. Tosca receives a major injury Falls down the stairs Running Substance on the floor Not looking where she was going Interview During break No permssion Not aware of danger Lack of attention Not reported Not cleaned up Using mirror Unaware of danger Takes place in stores Taken at wrong time Lack of supervision Not told not to run Not trained. No informationNo supervision Using contractors machine No procedures No procedure Substandard induction. No refresher No employees to use contractors eqpt Review procedure for spillage Review induction cse and refresher training Review system for visitors Review break timings supervision increased Review timings supervision increased Refresher on safety standards/ procedures Review induction awareness training Review procedures for cleaning The existing approach to occupational accident analysis – Tosca’s fall fault tree But were there any broader causes? Financial pressures? Others? Corporate Issues Direct Causes

13. A holistic approach to occupational accident analysis External influence Corporate influence Direct factors

14. Value of life Price of oil Shareholder pressure Royalty regime Influence of external elements on corporate elements ModelStructure Corporate training programme Corporate safety culture Safety procedures elements on direct factors Influence of corporate Capability Behaviour Physical Mental Attitude Coordination Knowledge Fitness Intelligence Motivation Lack of fatigue Weather Safety design PPE

15. Model running mechanism • Calibration against an existing, known result. • Compare performance of case under consideration with base case for each element. • Re-run model using adjusted component reliabilities – this generates actual prediction for the case under consideration.

16. Safety situation – installation Factors judged less conducive to good safety than industry average Factors judged more conducive to good safety than industry average

17. Model prediction versus actual results, 200 POB platform

18. Model prediction versus actual results, drilling sector

19. Model Uses • Predict accident numbers or frequencies on new installations • Study the effect of changes in individual safety program elements on safety results • Establish key performance indicator targets for staff and contractor organisations.

20. Model use in predicting probability of number of accidents

21. Occupational accidents – a holistic approach Daryl Attwood, Ph D * Based on research conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada