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File Management

File Management. 13. WriteFile(). CreateFile(). ReadFile(). CloseHandle(). SetFilePointer(). Fig 13-2: The External View of the File Manager. Application Program. mount(). write(). open(). close(). read(). lseek(). File Mgr. Device Mgr. Memory Mgr. File Mgr. Device Mgr.

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File Management

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  1. FileManagement 13 Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  2. WriteFile() CreateFile() ReadFile() CloseHandle() SetFilePointer() Fig 13-2: The External View of the File Manager Application Program mount() write() open() close() read() lseek() File Mgr Device Mgr Memory Mgr File Mgr Device Mgr Memory Mgr Process Mgr Process Mgr UNIX Windows Hardware Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  3. foo.html File Manager File Manager <head> … </head> <body> … </body> • Structured information • Can be read by any applic • Accessibility • Protocol • Persistent storage • Shared device Why Programmers Need Files <head> … </head> <body> … </body> HTML Editor Web Browser Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  4. File Management • File is a named, ordered collection of information • The file manager administers the collection by: • Storing the information on a device • Mapping the block storage to a logical view • Allocating/deallocating storage • Providing file directories • What abstraction should be presented to programmer? Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  5. Information Structure Applications Records Structured Record Files Record-Stream Translation Byte Stream Files Stream-Block Translation Storage device Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  6. Byte Stream File Interface fileID = open(fileName) close(fileID) read(fileID, buffer, length) write(fileID, buffer, length) seek(fileID, filePosition) Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  7. Low Level Files fid = open(“fileName”,…); … read(fid, buf, buflen); … close(fid); ... ... b0 b1 b2 bi int open(…) {…} int close(…) {…} int read(…) {…} int write(…) {…} int seek(…) {…} Stream-Block Translation Storage device response to commands Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  8. Structured Files Records Record-Block Translation Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  9. Record-Oriented Sequential Files Logical Record fileID = open(fileName) close(fileID) getRecord(fileID, record) putRecord(fileID, record) seek(fileID, position) Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  10. Record-Oriented Sequential Files Logical Record H byte header k byte logical record ... Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  11. Record-Oriented Sequential Files Logical Record H byte header k byte logical record ... ... Physical Storage Blocks Fragment Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  12. Indexed Sequential File • Suppose we want to directly access records • Add an index to the file fileID = open(fileName) close(fileID) getRecord(fileID, index) index = putRecord(fileID, record) deleteRecord(fileID, index) Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  13. Indexed Sequential File (cont) Application structure index = i Account # 012345 123456 294376 ... 529366 ... 965987 Index i k j index = k index = j Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  14. Disk Organization Boot Sector Volume Directory Blk0 Blk1 … Blkk-1 Track 0, Cylinder 0 … Blkk Blkk+1 Blk2k-1 Track 0, Cylinder 1 … … Blk Blk Blk Track 1, Cylinder 0 … … Blk Blk Blk Track N-1, Cylinder 0 … … Blk Blk Blk Track N-1, Cylinder M-1 Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  15. Low-level File System Architecture Block 0 … … b0 b1 b2 b3 bn-1 . . . Randomly Accessed Device Sequential Device Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  16. File Descriptors • External name • Current state • Sharable • Owner • User • Locks • Protection settings • Length • Time of creation • Time of last modification • Time of last access • Reference count • Storage device details Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  17. An open() Operation • Locate the on-device (external) file descriptor • Extract info needed to read/write file • Authenticate that process can access the file • Create an internal file descriptor in primary memory • Create an entry in a “per process” open file status table • Allocate resources, e.g., buffers, to support file usage Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  18. File Manager Data Structures Keep the state of the process-file session 2 Copy info from external to the open file descriptor 1 Open File Descriptor Process-File Session Return a reference to the data structure 3 External File Descriptor Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  19. Opening a UNIX File fid = open(“fileA”, flags); … read(fid, buffer, len); On-Device File Descriptor 0 stdin 1 stdout 2 stderr 3 ... File structure inode Open File Table Internal File Descriptor Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  20. Block Management • The job of selecting & assigning storage blocks to the file • For a fixed sized file of k blocks • File of length m requires N = m/k blocks • Byte bi is stored in block i/k • Three basic strategies: • Contiguous allocation • Linked lists • Indexed allocation Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  21. Contiguous Allocation • Maps the N blocks into N contiguous blocks on the secondary storage device • Difficult to support dynamic file sizes File descriptor Head position 237 … First block 785 Number of blocks 25 Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  22. Linked Lists • Each block contains a header with • Number of bytes in the block • Pointer to next block • Blocks need not be contiguous • Files can expand and contract • Seeks can be slow First block … Head: 417 ... Length Length Length Byte 0 Byte 0 Byte 0 ... ... ... Byte 4095 Byte 4095 Byte 4095 Block 0 Block 1 Block N-1 Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  23. Length Length Length Indexed Allocation • Extract headers and put them in an index • Simplify seeks • May link indices together (for large files) Byte 0 ... Index block … Head: 417 ... Byte 4095 Block 0 Byte 0 ... Byte 4095 Block 1 Byte 0 ... Byte 4095 Block N-1 Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  24. File Descriptor 43 254 43 … 107 Disk Block Disk Block Disk Block 107 254 File Access Table (FAT) DOS FAT Files File Descriptor 43 254 … 107 Disk Block Disk Block Disk Block Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  25. Data Index Index Index Index Index Index Index Index Index Data Data Data Data Data UNIX Files inode mode owner … Direct block 0 Direct block 1 … Direct block 11 Single indirect Double indirect Triple indirect Data Data Data Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  26. Directories • A set of logically associated files and sub directories • File manager provides set of controls: • enumerate • copy • rename • delete • traverse • etc. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

  27. Directory Structures • How should files be organized within directory? • Flat name space • All files appear in a single directory • Hierarchical name space • Directory contains files and subdirectories • Each file/directory appears as an entry in exactly one other directory -- a tree • Popular variant: All directories form a tree, but a file can have multiple parents. Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Chapter 13

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