Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age

1. Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age 1865-1900

2. The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse • Describe the growth of railroads after the Civil War. • Why did the transcontinental railroad require government subsidies and what subsidies did they receive? • Describe the land grants provided to railroads and why this was a problematic practice. • What did the government gain from subsidizing the transportation system? • How did railroads affect town growth? • Spanning the Continent with Rails • Where was the Union Pacific Railroad located? • What did the builders of the railroad receive from the government? • Who worked in the construction gangs and what did their life on the railroad look like? • Where was the Central Pacific Railroad located? • What were the “big-four”? • Who worked for the Central Pacific Railroad and what did their lives look like? • Describe the “wedding of the rails” and its significance.

3. Binding the Country with Railroad Ties • What railway was the only one that did not receive land grants? • Where was the Northern Pacific Railroad located? • Where was the Southern Pacific Railroad located? • Where was the Great Northern Railroad located and how did it differ from the other 4 big railways? • What were some problems with railroad building? • Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization • Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt, how did he originally make money, and how did he profit from the railroad? • What were two significant improvements to the railroad? • What other refinements were included to new railroad cars? • Why did some consider the railways to be dangerous?

4. Revolution by Railways • How did railways impact the economy of the US? • How did the railways spur industrial growth, mining and agriculture? • How did railways impact cities and immigration? • How was land and time impacted by the railroad? • How were railroads linked to millionaires? • Wrongdoing in Railroading • Who was the most adept at scamming the railroads? • Describe stock watering in relation to the railways. • How did railroad titans feel about public interest? • How did railroad titans “buy people” and why were they considered industrial monarchs? • Describe the economic concept of the “pool”.

5. Government Bridles the Iron Horse • How did the Midwest feel about the titans of industry? • Why were Americans slow to combat economic injustice? • What was the first body to try to regulate the railroad monopoly? • Describe the Supreme Court ruling of the Wabash case. • Describe the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. • What is the ICC? • Why wasn’t the ICC considered a victory over corporate wealth? • What was wrong with the legislation of the Interstate Commerce Act? • In what ways was the Interstate Commerce Act considered a success? • Miracles of Mechanization • By 1894 who ranked first in the world in manufacturing? • How did the Civil War impact the concept of millionaires? • What natural resources were exploited during this time period? • How did immigration impact industrialization? • How did American ingenuity impact industrialization? • What did Alexander Graham Bell invent and why was it important? • What did Thomas Edison invent and why was it important?

6. The Trust Titan Emerges • How did Carnegie avoid competition in the field of steel-making? • What is horizontal integration and how does it relate to Rockefeller? • Describe the concept of interlocking directorates. • How did Bessemer and Kelly change the steel industry? • How was the American stage set for the “miracles of production”? • Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel • Who was Andrew Carnegie and what industry was he related to? • Who was J.P Morgan and what industry was he related to? • How were Carnegie and Morgan involved in the 1900s and how did this impact both men?

7. Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose • What was “Drake’s Folly”? • What was the first major product of the oil industry? • What caused kerosene to become almost obsolete? • What invention sparked the growth of the oil industry? • Who was John Rockefeller and with what business was he associated? • How did Rockefeller operate his business and how did he justify his behavior? • How was Standard Oil different than other oil production companies around the world? • What other trusts blossomed during this time and how did this impact social classes? • The Gospel of Wealth • What was the “Gospel of Wealth”? • Describe the philosophies of Spencer and Sumner. • How did these philosophies of Darwin? • How did most of the rich feel about the poor? • How did Plutocracy invoke the Constitution?

8. Government Tackles the Trust Evil • How did the public first try to control Trusts? • Describe the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890. • What were the major issues with the Sherman Act? • How was the Sherman Act used? • How successful was the early Sherman Act? • The South in the Age of Industry? • How was the South impacted by the industrial revolution? • What new invention impacted the South in the 1880s? • What obstacles were present in the South in relation to manufacturing? • Describe the Pittsburg plus pricing system. • How was cotton impacted by manufacturing? • In what ways were cotton mills beneficial and not beneficial to the South? • How were rural white southerners impacted by the mills?

9. The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America • How was the standard of living impacted for most Americans during the Industrial Revolution? • How were Jeffersonian ideals impacted by the Industrial Revolution? • How was the concept of time impacted by factory work? • Describe the impact that industrialization had on women. • How did industrialization impact social classes? • Describe the shift of workers from agriculture to manufacturing. • What were reformers working for during the industrial revolution? • In Unions There is Strength • How did factories negatively impact the working class? • How did immigrants impact the labor market? • When individual workers tried to organize, what did corporations do? • What could corporations do to their workers if they tried to organize (other options)? • In what ways did unions seem socialistic?

10. Labor Limps Along • How did the civil war impact labor unions? • Describe the National Labor Union and its goals. • Describe the Knights of Labor and its goals. • On what platform did the Knights of Labor campaign? • What did the Knights of labor win for laborers? • Unhorsing the Knights of Labor • Describe the Haymarket Square episode. • How did the Haymarket Square episode impact the Knights of Labor? • The Knights encompassed both skilled and unskilled workers, why was this problematic?

11. The AF of L of the Fore • Describe the brainchild of the AF of L. • Describe the AF of L and its goals. • How did Gompers attempt social reform? • What was a major goal of Gompers? • Who did the AF of L represent? • How did strikes impact laborers and employers? • What was the gravest weakness of organized labor? • How did the public attitude towards labor change in the late 1800s?