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Microorganisms in Animal Infections: Clinical Microbiology Insights

Explore the causative agents of infections in animals, from respiratory to urinary systems, with a focus on clinical microbiology techniques and bacterial identification methods. Learn about zoonotic risks, mycotic infections, antibiotic use, and bacterial resistance mechanisms.

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Microorganisms in Animal Infections: Clinical Microbiology Insights

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  1. Clinical Microbiology 2008

  2. Microorganisms as causative agents of infections in animals • Companion animals: • Dog and cat • Horse • Food animals • Cattle and sheep • Pig • Poultry

  3. Infections of the.. • Respiratory system • Nervous system (CNS) • Gastro-intestinal tract • Urinary tract • Genital systém • Skin, soft tissues and wounds • Joint and bones

  4. Clinical microbiology (microbes and antimicrobials) • Bacteriology and use of antibiotics and chemoterapeutics) • Virology • And use of antivirotics • Mycology • And use of antimycotics • Use of vaccines

  5. Clinical specimens • Colleted from living animals not from necropsy

  6. Characterisation of bacteria from clinical specimens • Processing of a specimen • Gram stain • Cultivation • Atmosphere (A/AN, A+CO2,AN,A) • Culture media (solid:BA, MC agar,XLD agar, chocolate agar, liquid: broths) • Identification • G+ • Gram- negative bacteria (oxidase, catalase, biochemical tests, serological tests to identify serovars

  7. Further identification -Typing methods • Serological tests are used for serotyping • (E.coli O157 H7, E. coli O141 F4 • S. Typhimurium O 1,4,5,12,H: i, 1,2 • S. Enteritidis O1,9,12, H:g,m • Bacteriophage typing (S. Typimurium DT 104)

  8. Identification – subtyping methods • DNA subtyping methods • gene typing for virulence factors instead of toxin production • E.coli • P. multocida

  9. Obligate anaerobic bacteria • Bacteroides/Fusobacterium • Porphyromonas • Prevotella • Clostridium perfringens • Clostridium difficile

  10. Metods for detection of non-cultured bacteria • Microscopy • PCR detection using various modifications • PCR • Nested PCR • Real time PCR

  11. Non-cultured bacterial genera and species • Lawsonia intracellularis • Chlamydophilla spp. • Rickketsias • Hemomycoplasmas: • Mycoplasma hemosuis, M. hemofelis

  12. G- bacterial species most frequently obsereved • Psudomonas aeruginosa • E. coli • Other coliforms (Klebsiella, Enterobacter) • Salmonella • Pasteurella multocida • Haemophilus spp. • Actinobacillus spp.

  13. G+ bacterial species most frequently obsereved • Beta – haemolytic streptococci • Staphylococcus aureus/S.intermedius • Coagulase negative staphylococci • Enterococci • Clostridium perfringens

  14. Zoonotic bacterial species • Campylobacter jejuni, C.coli • VTEC (verotoxigenic E.coli serogroup O157 • Salmonella enterica (ST DT 104) • Yersinia enterocolitica • Streptococcus suis 2 • Listeria moncytogenes

  15. Mycotic infections • Candida albicans • Dermatophyta

  16. Use of Antibiotics • Antibiotic susceptibility testing • MIC – minimum inhibitory concentrations • Disc susceptibility test • Etest • Beta-lactamase test

  17. Commonly used antibiotic • Range of action: • Very good • Good • Poor activity against particular bacteria • Bacterial resistance mechanisms

  18. Betalactams • PENICILLINS • Benzylpenicillin • Aminopenicillins • Ampicilin, amoxicilin

  19. Cephalosporines 1 to 4 generation • 1g: cephalotin • 2g: cefuroxim • 3g: ceftazidim • 4g: cefquinom

  20. Carbapenems • Imipenem

  21. Inhibitors of beta-lactamases • Clavulanic acid • Sulbactam • Combination: co-amoxicillin

  22. Glykopeptides • Vancomycin • Teicoplanin

  23. Aminoglycosides • Streptomycin • Gentamicin

  24. Macrolides • Erytromycin • Tylosin • Tilmicosin

  25. Lincosamides • Lincomycine

  26. Tetracyclines • Oxytetracycline/Chlortetracycline • Doxycycline

  27. Amphenicols • Chloramphenicol • 2.gen. • Florfenicol

  28. Pleuromutilins (diterpens) • Tiamulin • 2gen. • Valnemulin

  29. Chemoterapeutics • Sulfonamides • Quinolones

  30. Sulfonamides • Sulfamethoxazol • Co- trimoxazol

  31. Quinolones • Non fluorinated q. • Oxolinic acid • Fluorinated q. • enrofloxacin

  32. Infections of the Respiratory System • Mirobes • Pathogenesis (aspiration) • Nasopharynx • Pharynx (pharyngitis) • Trachea • Bronchi (bronchioli) • Lungs -pneumonia • Bronchopneumonia • Pleura (pleuritis) • Lung absces

  33. Infection of the skin and sof tissues • A breatch of the skin • Via minor abrasions • Hair follicles • Surgical incision • Wounds (traumatic, surgical)

  34. Infections of the blood • Bacteraemia - bacteria in the blood se detected by blood culture • Transient (single episode) • Intermittent • Continuous

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