S exually transmitted diseases : chlamydia & gonorrhea

1. This presentation will probably involve audience discussion, which will create action items. Use PowerPoint to keep track of these action items during your presentation • In Slide Show, click on the right mouse button • Select “Meeting Minder” • Select the “Action Items” tab • Type in action items as they come up • Click OK to dismiss this box • This will automatically create an Action Item slide at the end of your presentation with your points entered. Sexually transmitted diseases:chlamydia & gonorrhea Mirela Grdović Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

2. Sexually transmitted disease (STD), Sexually transmitted infection (STI), Venereal disease (VD) • illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral and anal sex • some STIs can be transmitted via IV drug needles, childbirth or breastfeeding

3. STD statistics • major public health concern in both industrialised and developing countries • WHO: in 1996 more than 1 million people infected daily • 60% of infections occur in young people (<25 years) • more frequent in 14 to19-year-old girls than boys (2:1), equalizes by age 20 • STIs among sexually active adolescent girls: chlamydia (10-25%), gonorrhea (3-18%) • STIs among adolescent boys: chlamydia (9-11%), gonorrhea (2-3%)

5. General risk factors • being sexually active • starting sexual activity at an early age • having high-risk sex • currently having an STD • having a history of an STD • having multiple sex partners • using alcohol or recreational drugs • injecting drugs • being young • being female • being African-American • having sex with men • meeting people in public places or online for sex

6. Common signs/symptoms of STIs • itching around vagina and/or discharge from vagina • discharge from penis • pain during sex or when urinating • pain in pelvic area • sore throat in people who have oral sex • pain in or around anus for people who have anal sex • chancre sores (painless red sores) on genital area, anus, tounge and/or throat

7. scaly rash on palms and soles • dark urine, loose, light-colored stools, yellow eyes and skin • small blisters on genital area • swollen glands, fever, body aches • unusual infections, unexplained fatigue, night sweats and weight loss • soft, flesh-colored warts around genital area

8. Chlamydia • STI caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis • primarily targets cells of mucous membranes including urethra, vagina, cervix and endometrium (mouth and throat) • one of most commonly reported bacterial STDs

9. Facts and statistics • very common STD • highest chlamydia rate in women between age 15 and 24 • lower rate in men • highest rate in black women between 15 and 19 (lack of access to healthcare and distrust of the healthcare system) • 4.5 times higher in Hispanics than in whites and 2.9 times higher in American Indians than in whites

11. Symptoms and signs - appear between 1 and 3 weeks after exposure (may not emerge until much later) -“silent disease” - 70-75% asymptomatic women

12. Women • minor increase in vaginal discharge • cystitis • need to urinate more frequently, pain whilst passing urine • pain during sexual intercourse or bleeding after sex • mild lower abdominal pains • irregular menstrual bleeding • painful swelling and irritation in the eyes

13. Men • more likelyto notice symptoms than women • white/cloudy and watery discharge from penis • burning sensation and/or pain when passing urine • painful swelling and irritation in the eyes

14. How is chlamydia transmitted? • by unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex with someone who is infected • from mother to baby during vaginal childbirth • by transferring the infection on fingers from the genitals to the eyes (rare)

15. Diagnosis of chlamydia • urine sample • swab taken from vagina • swab taken from opening of the urethra at the tip of the penis

16. Treatment • short course of antibiotics: azithromycin, doxycycline or erythromycin • one-time dose taken daily or multiple times a day for 5-10 days • resolves within one to two weeks • sexual abstinence during that period

17. Complications Women • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - higher risk of ectopic pregnancy, premature birth, infertility • Mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) - eye or lung infection • Cervicitis - yellowish vaginal discharge and pain during sex - deep pelvic pain and backache

18. Men • Epididymitis - infertility • Urethritis - yellow pus-like discharge at the tip of the penis - kidney problems

19. Men & Women • Reiter´s syndrome - inflammation of eyes and joints, rash on genitals and soles • Appendicitis

20. Other health problems • HIV • other STIs • chronic pelvic pain • prostatitis • rectal inflammation • eye infections • infections in newborns

21. Gonorrhea • STI caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrheoae • infects cervix, urethra, rectum, anus and throat • one of the most common STDs • 62 million cases occur each year (women are more affected) • easily curable • untreated >>PID, infertility, meningitis, septicemia

22. Symptoms Women • change in vaginal discharge - yellow or greenish color, strong smell • burning sensation or pain whilst passing urine • irritation and/or discharge from the anus

23. Men • white or yellow discharge from the penis • burning sensation or pain whilst passing urine • irritation and/or discharge from the anus

24. How is gonorrhea passed on? • through penetrative sex, including: -vaginal sex -anal sex -oral sex

25. Diagnosis & Treatment • swab taken from any infected area - cervix, urethra, anus or throat • women - internal pelvic examination • swab taken from the rectum/throat • antibiotics in tablet, liquid or injection form • sexual abstinence during the treatment period

26. Complications Women • PID>>higher risk of ectopic pregnancy or premature birth • gonoccocal eye infection in babies (acquired through vaginal childbirth) Men • painful inflammation of testicles and prostate gland>>epididymitis - infertility • narrowing of urethra or abscesses (pain and problems whilst urinating)

27. STD prevention • using condoms • mutual monogamy • limiting the number of sex partners • talking with your partner • getting regular screenings for STDs • using spermicides - not recommended • sexual abstinence until partner has been treated • avoid douching

28. Quiz Q1 You can have an STD without symptoms. T Q2 Chlamydia shows symptoms straight away. F Q3 Using condoms gives complete protection from STDs. F Q4 Being tested for an STD can be painful and embarrassing. F Q5 Gonorrhea left untreated can cause infertility. T Q6 Having PID increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy. T

29. Q7 STDs can be passed on from mother to child. T Q8 Women are more likely to notice chlamydia symptoms than men. F Q9 45% of women infected with chlamydia are asymptomatic. F Q10 Untreated chlamydia infection doesn´t cause any complications. F Q11 Best ways to avoid getting an STD a)monogamous relationship b)getting tested before having sex for the first time c)using a condom every time you have sex d)sexual abstinence d) b) a) c)

30. References • http://www.avert.org/chlamydia.htm • http://www.avert.org/gonorrhea.htm • http://www.avert.org/stdstastisticsworldwide.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease • http://www.cdc.gov/STD/ • http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/std