Hidrologia & Quimica da Agua

1. Hidrologia & Quimica da Agua LBA SSC Cuiaba 15-17 Maio 2003 I. “Update” (em 3 escalas) • Further reflections on LBA integration, from wetlands • to a fully-coupled (or at least modeled) understanding

2. 1 km Reach III Aldeia River Reach I Reach IV Reach II N Local scale.ND-03. Key connections in Amazonian stream corridors (Krusche, Ballester, Victoria, Neill, Deegans) Fazenda Nova Vida Sampling Scheme • Primary Focus 2003 • Riparian transformations • In-stream processing • Regional scaling

3. NH4+ NO3- DON NH4+ NO3 DON Precipitation Throughfall Soil solution 30 cm Soil solution 100 cm Gaseous loss Streamwater

4. Integration concept

5. Figure 7. LANDSAT7 image (1999) of two first-order streams in the Paragominas area, showing land covers and proposed stream sampling points. Streams flow north. Local Scale. ND-02. Dynamics of Biogeochemical dynamics in secondary Vegetation of Amazônia (Figueiredo, Davidson et al.) • Current focus: • Upstream-downstream sampling of 3 • hydrologic basins (100s of km2) for: • Expanded analysis of chemical distributions • Process level understanding of riparian zone • dynamics

6. Mesoscale. CD-06 (aka ND-09) Horizontal and Vertical Fluxes of Carbon in River Corridors of the Amazon Basin. Act 1. (Victoria, Krusche, Ballester & seus amigos) • Complete research on the • question of landuse change and • its consequences for water chem- • istry in the Ji-Paraná River Basin • Complete field work, additional • Experiments • Focused hydro/geochemical • modeling (lead student: D. Victoria)

7. Meso/Basin Scale. LC-07 Multi-scale analysis of inundation with microwave & optical remote sensing: application to biogeochemical measurements and modeling (Novo, Melack, Forsberg)

8. CH4 and CO2 Emissions Central Amazon Basin (1.77 million km2) Methane Emission CO2 Evasion Tg C y-1 Tg C y-1 7.6 + 2.3 210 + 60 Lowland Amazon Basin (5.19 million km2) Methane Emission 25 + 8 Tg C y-1 Greenhouse gas potential ~ 0.5 Pg C y-1 as CO2

9. Research Needs • Process-based models • Ecological studies and methane emission measurements • Seasonally flooded savannas • Floodplains in eastern Peru • Interfluvial wetlands in upper Negro basin • Freshwater wetlands in Amazon delta • Riparian zones of streams

10. Basin Scale. LC-04. Exploring interactions among the ecological, hydrological, and climate systems of Amazônia (Foley, Costa, Coe) • Recent developments (2000-2002) • Development of new datasets of physical basin characteristics (river network, sinuosity, etc. • Development of a parameterization to simulate spatially-explicit flooding in the Amazon • Simulation of the land-surface hydrology in the Amazon in the period 1935-1998; validation of results against observations of discharge, water height and flooded area • Analysis of interannual variability of land-surface hydrology • Development of empirical relationships between geometric characteristics of river channels in the Amazon basin

11. 2. Planned activities for 2003-2005 • Further development of the flooding model, with a new formulation for river height that considers the geometry of the channels • A new river flow velocity formulation based on the gradient of the water surface, • A decision rule for flooding • A new formulation for exchange of water between the aquifer and the river • - Use of the recently-released SRTM • - Adapt IBIS to simulate leaching of C from the soil • - Adapt HYDRA to include biogeochemical processing and downstream transport of carbon • * Perform experiments to investigate the effects of interannual climate variability and human activities on the hydrology and river biogeochemistry of the Amazon basin

12. Objective 2. Expand research on the fluxes of gases between wetlands and the atmosphere, by testing the working hypothesis that “CO2 evasion returns as much carbon to the atmo- sphere as is sequestered in upland forests on an interan- nual basis. Export of organic material from upland and rip- arian forests to fluvial environ- ments is the primary source of carbon that is eventually respired in rivers and evaded as CO2.” 3 0 T (>100m) 2 5 : 1.2 ± . 3 Mg C ha-1 y-1 (basin ~ .5 Gt y-1) 2 0 CO2 Evasion (Tg C mo-1) 1 5 1 0 MF S (<100 m) 5 MC 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D (Local-to-) Basin Scale. CD-06. Act 2. (Victoria, Krusche, Ballester, & seus amigos)

13. RB Ji-P Cuiaba Rede Beija–Rio 1) ∑space-timeCO2↑ * = f(????) Belem MAO Pachitea *Brasilia

14. O Transecto do Tapajos

15. Towards Integration across LBA (above & beyond business as usual) 1. Land Cover and Land Use Change Science Questions: LC–Q1 What are the rates and mechanisms of forest conversion to agricultural land uses, and what is the relative importance of these land uses? LC–Q2 At what rate are converted lands abandoned to secondary forests; what is the fate of these converted lands, and what are the overall dynamic patterns of land conversion and abandonment? LC–Q3 What is the area of forest that is affected by selective logging each year? How does the intensity of selective logging influence forest ecosystem function, thus altering forest regrowth and flammability? LC–Q4 What are plausible scenarios for future land cover change in Amazônia? 2. Carbon Dynamics Science Questions: CD–Q1 What is the (climatically driven) seasonal and interannual variability of the carbon dioxide flux between the atmosphere and different land cover/use types? CD–Q2 How do biological processes such as mortality and recruitment or succession following land use change influence the net annual carbon balance for different land cover and land use types? CD–Q3 What are the relative contributions of fluxes from natural and disturbed ecosystems to the net Amazônia-wide flux? 3. Trace Gas and Aerosol Flux Science Questions: TG-Q1 How are fluxes of trace gases and aerosols between ecosystems (both upland and wetland) and the atmosphere of Amazônia affected by land cover and land use change? TG-Q2 What is the (climatically driven) seasonal and inter-annual variability of trace gas and aerosol fluxes between the atmosphere and different land use and land cover types? TG-Q3 Are losses and gains of carbon from Amazônian ecosystems in forms other than carbon dioxide (e.g. carbon monoxide, methane, volatile organic carbon, organic aerosol) of sufficient magnitude to influence ecosystem carbon balance? 4. Nutrient Dynamics and Surface Water Chemistry Science Questions: ND–Q1 How do stocks, cycling rates and budgets of carbon and important elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Al change under different land covers and land uses? ND–Q2 Are nutrients major factors that control the rates of regrowth and carbon accumulation in abandoned pastures and regrowing secondary forests? ND-Q3 What are the processes and consequences of atmospheric horizontal transport of nutrients (wind) on the nutrient stocks and cycles of ecosystems within the Amazon basin at various spatial and temporal scales? For example, what are the effects of Saharan dust inputs, losses and re-distribution due to fire, and links between physical climate models and nutrient cycling? ND-Q4 How do changes in land use and climate alter the stocks, processes and fluxes of dissolved and particulate organic matter, nutrients, and trace gases from the uplands across the riparian zones and floodplains and down the channels of river corridors? ND-Q5 What is the importance of periodically "wet" environments (from moist soils to standing and flowing waters) for the land and atmospheric balances of nutrients, carbon dioxide, trace gases, and water and energy on multiple scales? Porque? • How does Amazônia currently func- • tion as a regional entity? • How will changes in land use and • climate affect the biological, chemical, • and physical functions of Amazônia, including the sustainability of development in the region and the influence of Amazônia on global climate? Como? • Lembrando …… • …Limits of individual projects (including 24 hr/day) • …Desirability of concurrent field measurements and common • protocols (e.g., INTEGRA) • …Communication across disciplines not always direct • …Modeling designs & requirements, how information (really) flows

16. Synthesis across Surface Waters (Hydrology & Water Chem) WETLANDS CARBON WORKING GROUP San Francisco AGU, Dec ’02 * Key synthesis issues? * Key data products to make it happen (and their publications)? * Timelines?

17. ARE THE WETLANDS A SOURCE (OR SINK) OF C? Regional CO2= habitat (K * ΔpCO2 * km2) Regional CH4= habitat (K * ΔCH4 * km2 + Ebullition + Stems) CO2, CH4(atm) 7 6 4 OUTGASSING 4 1 POC Soil Accumulation 3 1 2 TOC Fluvial Transport & Rxn 5 DOC, pCO2,CH4 2 Encouraging Regional Synthesis on Wetlands Carbon

18. DATA PRODUCTS: from existing Projects, which are … 1 PPr Sources to OM Pool CD-x,ND-y 2 DOC & pCO2(CH4) export in GW 3 POC export (sediments, litter) 4 Macrophytes REGIONAL INTEGRATION 5 Stream transport & reaction 6 Outgassing rates 7 Atm CO2 <-> outgassing 1 Area (habitat, order) 2 Water flow properties

19. TIMELINES INFORMATION RS&Hydro MEASUREMENTS [ Q] Expt’s SYNTHESIS (MODELS) Jan ‘03 Build common Info & coord SDATAC I Jun ‘03 Outgassing 1 Databases Cangacu Jan ‘04 Outgassing 2 Jun ‘04 Jan ‘05 Jun ‘05 THE ANSWER

20. Across LBA synthesis(including “sub” surface) Option 1. “Hard-wired” Coupled models

21. RAMS IBIS CASA Experiments LBA-DIS WetAMC Governos Edu/Trein Option 2. LBA-EDS (LBA Environment DataStream)??? • Would internet access to a continuous DataStream of • information which integrates all shared observation and • modeling activities; • - without worrying about data storage formats, • - while accessing only the data of interest to you, • using familiar data analysis and visualization packages • Be useful? Expedite work? Modelled after emerging information and communication technology projects: Unidata IDD (Internet Data Distribution), DODS (Distributed Ocean Data System), THREDDS (Thematic Real-time earth Data Distributed Servers)

22. PROPOSED SSC ACTION ITEM: • Undertake a proactive, LBA-wide “integration,” focused on (truly) answering the lead questions by the end of LBA (~’05). • Combining ….. • Outcomes of individual projects • Current modeling projects • Concurrent sampling campaigns (INTEGRA) • Website highlights • “New” synthetic models as necessary Tapajos River Evasion Signal (RAMS)