Sustaining Wild Species

1. Sustaining Wild Species G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 22 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Human Impacts on Biodiversity Fig. 22-2 p. 561

3. Increasing Biodiversity • Physically diverse habitat • Moderate environmental disturbance • Small variations in conditions • Middle stages of ecological succession

4. Decreasing Biodiversity • Environmental stress • Large environmental disturbance • Extreme environmental conditions • Severe limiting factors • Introduction of alien species • Geographic isolation

5. US Diversity Fig. 22-3 p. 562

6. Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity • Species approach • Ecosystem approach Fig. 22-5 p. 563

7. Species Extinction • Local extinction • Ecological extinction • Biological extinction

8. Endangered and Threatened Species • Endangered species • Threatened (vulnerable) species • Rare species Fig. 22-7 p. 564 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Gray wolf Florida panther © 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

9. Extinction Risks • Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics • Population viability analysis • Minimum viable population • Minimum dynamic area • Characteristics of extinction-prone species (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 566)

10. Extinction Rates • Background (natural) rate of extinction • Massextinction • Adaptiveradiations

11. Why Should We Care About Biodiversity? • Instrumental value • Intrinsic value See Spotlight p. 571 Fig. 22-10p. 569

12. Causes of Depletion of Wild Species • Human population growth • Failure to value the environment or ecological services • Increasing per capita resource use • Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity • Poverty

13. Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species • Habitat degradation • Introduction of non-native species Fig. 22-12 p. 572

14. Threats from Nonnative Species Arrival Roles of non- native species Examples (p. 576) See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579 Fig. 22-19 p. 579

15. Other Extinction Threats Hunting and Poaching Predators and Pest Control Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants Climate Change and Pollution

16. Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches • Bioinformatics • International Treaties: CITES • National Laws: Lacey Act Endangered Species Act • Habitat conservation plans

17. Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach • Wildlife refuges and protected areas • Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms • Zoos and Aquariums

18. Wildlife Management • Laws regulating hunting and fishing • Harvest quotas • Population management plants • Improving habitat • Treaties and laws for migrating species

19. Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 23 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

20. Land Use in the World Fig. 23-2 p. 595

21. Land Use in the United States Rangeland and pasture 29% Fig. 23-3 p. 595

22. Types of US Public Lands • Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands • Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges • Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

23. US Public Lands Fig. 23-4 p. 596

24. Managing US Public Land • Biodiversity and ecological function • No subsidies or tax breaks for use • Public should get fair compensation • Users held responsible for actions • Takings and property rights

25. Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests • Food webs and energy flow • Water regulation • Local and regional climate • Numerous habitats and niches • Air purification

26. Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests • Fuelwood (50% of global forest use) • Industrial timber and lumber • Pulp and paper • Medicines • Mineral extraction and recreation

27. Forest Structure Fig. 23-9 p. 601

28. Types of Forests • Old-growth (frontier) forests • Second-growth forests • Tree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609

29. Forest Management • Rotation cycle • Even-aged management • Industrial forestry • Uneven-aged management • Improved diversity • Sustainable production • Multiple-use

30. Management Strategies Fig. 23-11 p. 601 Fig. 23-12 p. 602

31. Logging Roads • Increased erosion and runoff • Habitat fragmentation • Pathways for exotic species • Accessibility to humans Fig. 23-13 p. 602

32. Harvesting Trees • Selective cutting • High-grading • Shelterwood cutting • Seed-tree cutting • Clearcutting • Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603

33. Sustainable Forestry • Longer rotations • Selective or strip cutting • Minimize fragmentation • Improved road building techniques • Certified sustainable grown(See Solutions p. 598)

34. Pathogens Fungal Diseases • Chestnut blight • Dutch elm disease Insect Pests • Bark beetles • Gypsy moth

35. Fire Fig. 23-17 p. 607 • Surface fires • Crown fires

36. Forest Resources and Management in the United States • Habitat for threatened and endangered species • Water purification services • Recreation • 3% of timber harvest • Sustainable yield and multiple use • Substitutes for tree products

37. Tropical Deforestation • Rapid and increasing • Loss of biodiversity • Cultural extinction • Unsustainable agriculture and ranching • Clearing for cash crop plantations • Commercial logging • Fuelwood

38. Degradation of Tropical Forests Fig. 23-22 p. 615

39. Reducing Tropical Deforestation • Identification of critical ecosystems • Reducing poverty and population growth • Sustainable tropical agriculture • Encourage protection of large tracts • Debt-for-nature swaps • Less destructive harvesting methods

40. The Fuelwood Crisis • Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants • Burning wood more efficiently • Switching to other fuels Fig. 23-25 p. 618

41. Managing and Sustaining National Parks • Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity • Invasion by exotic species • Popularity a major problem • Traffic jams and air pollution • Visitor impact (noise) • Natural regulation • Better pay for park staff

42. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves • Include some moderate disturbance • Sustain natural ecological processes • Protect most important areas • Buffer zones • Gap analysis See Solutions p. 625 • Wilderness areas

43. Ecological Restoration • Ecological restoration • Restoration ecology • Rehabilitation See Individuals Matter p. 630 • Replacement • Creating artificial ecosystems • Natural restoration

44. Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 24 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College

45. The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity • Coral reefs • Estuaries • Deep ocean floor • Food items Fig. 24-2 p. 636 • Many chemicals • Medicines and drugs

46. Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity • Species loss and endangerment • Marine habitat loss and degradation • Freshwater habitat loss and degradation • Overfishing • Nonnative species • Pollution and global warming

47. Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity • Protect endangered and threatened species • Establish protected areas • Integrated coastal management • Regulating and preventing ocean pollution • Sustainable management of marine fisheries

48. Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries • Fishery regulations • Economic approaches • Bycatch reduction • Protected areas See Spotlight p. 650 • Nonnative species • Consumer information • Aquaculture

49. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands Fig. 24-12 p. 653 • Regulations • Mitigation banking • Land use planning • Wetlands restoration • Control of invasive species See Individuals Matter p. 652

50. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes Fig. 24-13 p. 655 • Pollution • Invasive species • Water levels • Cultural eutrophication