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ET3380 Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion David Morrisson MS,MBA Week 1

ET3380 Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion David Morrisson MS,MBA Week 1. CONTENTS. Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion Semiconductor Power Switches Supplementary Components and Systems AC-to-DC Converters AC-to-AC Converters DC-to-DC Converters

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ET3380 Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion David Morrisson MS,MBA Week 1

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  1. ET3380Principles and Methods of Electric Power ConversionDavid Morrisson MS,MBAWeek 1

  2. CONTENTS • Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion • Semiconductor Power Switches • Supplementary Components and Systems • AC-to-DC Converters • AC-to-AC Converters • DC-to-DC Converters • DC-to-AC Converters • Switching Power Supplies • Power Electronics and Clean Energy

  3. Principles and Methods of Electric Power Conversion

  4. The Power GridFrom Generation to the Home

  5. The Basics • Every power grid in the U.S. has a few essential components. • These components include the following: • A source: the power plant • A transmission system • A hub: the substation • A distribution system • A user: the home or business

  6. The Source: The Power Plant • Essentially, there are only a few ways to generate AC electricity. • For the vast majority of electricity in the U.S. a fuel (coal, natural gas, a nuclear reaction) is used to create electricity. • In addition, solar, wind and hydroelectric methods are used to generate electricity.

  7. The Heart: The Steam Turbine • Once a fuel has created sufficient heat, steam is created. • Pressure from the steam is used to rotate the steam turbine. • The turbine has magnets attached to the end. • These magnets rotate within coils, thus generating an AC signal.

  8. ElectricalGeneration: Coal, Natural Gas, & Diesel

  9. Relevant Links • http://www.earthlyissues.com/nuclearplants.htm • http://www.southerncompany.com/learningpower/powerinfo_5.aspx

  10. Nuclear Generation

  11. Transmission and Distribution • Once produced, electricity must be distributed. • The main device used to achieve this is the transformer. • Transformers convert AC voltages. • Step-up transformers convert from low to high voltages. • Step-down transformers convert from high to low voltages.

  12. Transmission and Distribution • Power plant transformers step up voltages to reach substations and are sent at approximately 550kV. • Once at the substation, transformers are used to step down voltages to approximately 13kV. • These 13kV voltages are sent via distribution lines to your neighborhood home or business. • Once in the neighborhood, transformers are used (on poles or set on the ground) to step down the electrical voltage to 120/240.

  13. Transmission and Distribution • From the power plant, via transmission lines to the substation. • From the substation, via distribution lines to the home. • All through the use of the transformer.

  14. The Entire System

  15. Power Electronics Power electronics is the application of electronic apparatus for the control and conversion of electric power. Also to design, control, computation and integration of nonlinear, time varying energy processing electronic systems The first high power electronic devices were mercury-arc tubes. In modern systems the conversion is performed with semiconductor switching devices such as diodes, thyristors and transistors

  16. Mercury-arc Tube

  17. Types of electric power conversion

  18. Generic power converter

  19. AC input voltage waveform

  20. Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic rectifier

  21. Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic inverter

  22. Configurations of power electronic converters: (a) current-source(b) voltage-source

  23. Total Harmonic Distortion, or THD • Measurement of the harmonic distortion • Defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency. • Measurement is most commonly defined as the ratio of the RMS amplitude of a set of higher harmonic frequencies to the RMS amplitude of the first harmonic, or fundamental • Harmonic distortion adds overtones that are whole number multiples of a wave's frequencies

  24. Decomposition of the output voltage waveform in the generic rectifier

  25. Decomposition of the output voltage waveform in the generic inverter

  26. Decomposition of the output current waveform in the generic inverter

  27. Input current waveform and Its fundamental component in the generic inverter

  28. Resistive control schemes: (a) rheostatic control, (b) potentiometric control

  29. Harmonic spectra of output voltage with the firing angle of in: (a) phase-controlled generic rectifier(b) phase-controlled generic AC voltage controller

  30. Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic chopper

  31. Output voltage and current waveforms in the generic chopper: switching frequency twice as high as in the previous figure

  32. RL load circuit

  33. Fragments of output voltage and current waveforms in a generic PWM ac voltage controller

  34. Single-pulse diode rectifier

  35. Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with an R load

  36. Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with an RL load

  37. Single-pulse diode rectifier with a free-wheeling diode What are the possible types of loads and what are the effects of each?

  38. Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with a freewheeling diode and an RL load

  39. Single-pulse diode rectifier with an output capacitor

  40. Output voltage and current waveforms in the single-pulse diode rectifier with an output capacitor and an RL load

  41. Two-pulse diode rectifier

  42. Cycloconverter

  43. Timing diagram of switches in the generic cycloconverter

  44. Output voltage waveform in the generic cycloconverter

  45. Cycloconverter for three-phase alternating current

  46. Rectifier Circuits Block diagram of a dc power supply.

  47. Rectifier Circuits Half-wave Rectifier

  48. Rectifier Circuits Full-wave rectifier utilizing a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding Input and output waveforms.

  49. Rectifier CircuitsBridge Rectifier - V PIV = V s DO Input and output waveforms.

  50. Rectifier Circuits With A Filter Capacitor Voltage and current waveforms in the peak rectifier circuit with CR  T. The diode is assumed ideal.

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