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The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project

The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project. Zissis Samaras Lab of Applied Thermodynamics Aristotle University Greece. Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles. Partners: Associate partners: Aristotle University (GR) Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F)

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The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project

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  1. The DG Tren ” Particulates „ project Zissis SamarasLab of Applied ThermodynamicsAristotle University Greece

  2. Characterisation of Exhaust Particulate Emissions From Road Vehicles Partners:Associate partners: Aristotle University (GR) Renault (F) Concawe (B) INRETS (F) Volvo (S) Dekati (FIN) Tampere University (FIN) Stockholm University (S) EMPA (CH) Athens Uni. (GR) AEAT (UK) TRL (UK) IFP (F) INERIS (F) AVL (AUT) LWA (UK) MTC (S) Graz University (AUT) Consultants Aachen University (D) D. Kittelson JRC (NL) G. Reischl A European research programmesponsored by the Directorate General on Transport and Energy

  3. Timetable • WP200 - Instrumentation and properties: Completed • WP300 - Sampling conditions : Completed with round-robin evaluation (March 2002) • WP400 - Definition of detailed measurement matrix: Completed • WP500 - Measurements : Started in March 2002 • WP600 - Evaluation and reporting: Runs in parallel to WP300 and WP500 • Project deadline: April 2003 GRPE Presentation

  4. ‘Particulates’: Project Products Outline • A detailed framework for future vehicle particulate sampling and measurement methodology • Input to emissions modelling tools, in relation to existing knowledge, in terms of usable emission factors for current vehicles • Assessment of the effectiveness of the technical measures for reducing particulate emissions • Useful input to medical studies Tests over transient operation ! GRPE Presentation

  5. Particle characteristics to be measured (recommendations from health effects studies) • Mass emissions (PM10, PM2.5, PM1 …) • Number emissions in relation to size including both accumulation and nucleation mode (0,01 µm to 10 µm) • Nature and morphology • solid, liquid part • surface area • Chemical composition • Elemental & total organic carbon • Metals • PAHs (in particular benzo(a)pyrene) • Sulphates and Nitrates GRPE Presentation

  6. How to sample and dilute -1Which types of particles? • Accumulation mode particles • Mainly soot particles • Relatively repeatable • Nucleation mode particles • Mainly sulphate, hydrocarbons and water • Very strongly influenced by the sampling and dilution techniques - therefore not repeatable, difficult to produce representative factors • Suggestion: create sampling conditions likely to favour nucleation under repeatable laboratory conditions (worst case approach?) GRPE Presentation

  7. How to sample and dilute -2General Guidelines for ‘Particulates’ • Sampling: • As close to isokinetic as possible • Minimum sampling lines length • Minimum heat gradients in sampling line • Sampling line of conducting material • Dilution: • Filtered dilution air, of controlled temperature and of controlled humidity • Controlled residence time (long) • Minimum residence time after final dilution • Definition of “windows” (Dilution Temp, Dilution Ratio) GRPE Presentation

  8. ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up GRPE Presentation

  9. Porous sampling probe • Sample extracted and diluted simultaneously • Dilution ratio can be controlled • High mixing rate - minimum thermophoresis GRPE Presentation

  10. ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -1 Photo from EMPA GRPE Presentation

  11. ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing –2 GRPE Presentation Photo from LAT

  12. ‘Particulates’: Sampling Set up Under Testing -3 Photo from LAT GRPE Presentation

  13. Investigationson Sampling Conditions GRPE Presentation

  14. Effect of dilution temperatureDecreasing dilution air temperature increases nucleation. GRPE Presentation

  15. Effect of dilution ratio Increasing dilution ratio increases nucleation. GRPE Presentation

  16. Effect of relative humidityin dilution air Increasing humidity increases nucleation. GRPE Presentation

  17. Effect of residence time (250 ppm S) GRPE Presentation

  18. Effect of residence time (10 ppm S) GRPE Presentation

  19. Sampling ‘Windows’ • Window 1: DR 25±2, DT 20±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Cold - high dilution (at 50 km/h) • Window 2: DR 12.5±2, DT32±1.5, RT 3±0.5, RH <5%: Warm - low dilution (at 50 km/h) This is the window that will be mainly used GRPE Presentation

  20. Dilution ratio fluctuation Golf TDI GRPE Presentation

  21. Round-Robin Aims • To evaluate the measuring robustness of the sampling system. • To make sure that a similar, if not identical, measurement protocol is followed by each laboratory. • To compare laboratory instrumentation with reference instruments (‘reference’ stands for the same instruments carried by the round robin team to all laboratories). • To obtain information on the variability of results among participating laboratories. • To possibly identify which components of laboratory instrumentation and measurement practices may be responsible for differing results. • It proved to be a learning exercise – very important !! GRPE Presentation

  22. Round Robin Timetable GRPE Presentation

  23. Round-Robin Measurements Schedule GRPE Presentation

  24. Sampling: Cycles HDV LDV • NEDC • CADC • Steady Speeds(50, 90, 120 km/h) • ECE R49 • ESC • ETC Some will also conduct: • Aftertreatment tests • More transient cycles • More steady state tests GRPE Presentation

  25. The CADC cycles: road GRPE Presentation

  26. Test sequence (LDVs) • Set the window (Window 2) • Preconditioning (3 EUDCs) • Cold soak • Cold start NEDC (1200s) • Hot start NEDC (1200s) • Artemis Urban (1000s) • Artemis Road (1000s) • Artemis Motorway (1000s) • Steady state speeds: 50,90,120 km/h (~10 min each) Some will also sample at different windows GRPE Presentation

  27. Fuels • Conventional fuels were selected to cover current and potential future qualities • Diesel fuels with constant physical properties but varying sulphur content • 1500 --- 300 --- 40 --- 8 ppm S • Swedish Class 1 diesel • Gasolines at year 2000 and 2005+ qualities • 125 --- 40 --- 8 ppm S • Common fuel batches blended for the consortium • Alternative fuels also being evaluated by some partners GRPE Presentation

  28. Vehicle technologies being tested GRPE Presentation

  29. From Measurement to Emission Factors INSTRUMENTS SAMPLING VEHICLE PRIMARY EMISSION VALUES DATA FORMAT/ STORAGE DATA PROCESSING EMISSION FACTORS LEGEND DATA REDUCTION EVALUATION RED WP 300 EFFECTS WP 600 BLUE GRPE Presentation

  30. Instruments: Information provided • Size segregated solid particle number- dry branch [RT] • Total particle number - wet branch [RT] • Total active surface equivalent - wet branch [RT] • Gaseous pollutants • Particle mass (VOF/NVOF) - CVS [CYCLE] • Mass weighted size distribution - wet branch [CYCLE] • Number weighted size distribution - wet branch [SS] [RT]: Real Time [CYCLE]: Average over cycle [SS]: Steady State GRPE Presentation

  31. Roadside particulates measurements (Task 450) Measurements in road tunnelsallow a differentiation between direct emissions under real world dilution ratios (roadside measurements) and “aged” PM at different locations from roadside GRPE Presentation

  32. Non-exhaust particulates measurements (Task 460) • Four main strands to the experimental work: • Gravimetric determination of tyre and brake wear rates • Compositional analysis of brake and tyre materials, and brake and tyre dust • Sampling and analysis of airborne particles • Sampling and analysis of road dust GRPE Presentation

  33. Web Site of the Project • http://vergina.eng.auth.gr/mech/lat/particulates • With three areas: • Public (free access) • Consortium (password protected) • ETERG (password protected) GRPE Presentation

  34. Porous tube diluter Porous Tube Diluter - 1 GRPE Presentation

  35. Primary Dilution Unit - 2 GRPE Presentation

  36. Primary Dilution Unit - 3 GRPE Presentation

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