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DNA Structure

DNA Structure. pg: 109. DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA ) – holds ALL the instructions for making proteins. Nucleic Acid (DNA) is made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of : Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous base. Draw and label a nucleotide:.

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DNA Structure

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  1. DNA Structure pg: 109

  2. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – holds ALL the instructions for making proteins

  3. Nucleic Acid (DNA) is made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of: • Deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogenous base

  4. Draw and label a nucleotide:

  5. There are 4 different nitrogenous bases: • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C)

  6. Adenine Thymine

  7. Guanine Cytosine

  8. Chargaff’s Rule – amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine & the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine

  9. The order of the nitrogenous bases determines the kind of protein made. • ATE and EAT – same letters, different meaning

  10. Adenine Guanine Purines (2 rings)

  11. Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidines (1 ring)

  12. Who’s Who • In the 1950s, James Watson and Francis Crickwere the first to describe the shape of DNA

  13. Rosalind Franklin should also receive credit – without her work, they would not have been able to finish

  14. Shape • DNA has 2 strands • DNA is long so to save space it twists itself into a shape called a double helix

  15. If you flatten DNA it looks like a ladder. The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating phosphates and sugars.

  16. Review • A bonds with • G bonds with • T bonds with • C bonds with T C A G

  17. Prymidines

  18. Purines

  19. Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) Nitrogen bases

  20. Structure Nitrogen Bases Phosphate Deoxyribose (sugar)

  21. Phosphate Base Sugar

  22. Replication of DNA • DNA Replication – copying DNA to make identical copies • one will be passed along to the new cells during mitosis/meiosis

  23. BONDS Adenine = Thymine Guanine = Cytosine SIDES Phosphate + Sugar

  24. What is the full name for DNA? • What do we call the shape of DNA? • Who first discovered the shape of DNA? • What type of sugar is found in DNA? • What 2 substances make up the sides of DNA? • A phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a sugar make a: • Where in the cell is DNA found? • DNA makes ________ for the body. • What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA? • What does adenine pair with?

  25. DNA Replication Pg: 44

  26. Steps of Replication • An enzyme breaks the bonds holding the two strands together • That enzyme continues down the DNA strand “unzipping” it

  27. Steps of Replication 2. New nucleotides fly in and connect with the open nucleotides • Now there are 2 duplicate DNA strands!

  28. Reading DNA Replication 1.TGGCAATG • ACCGTTAC • 2.GTATGCCA • CATACGGT • 3.AATGCCGT • TTACGGCA • 4.CCCATGAC • GGGTACTG

  29. RNA Structures pg: 53

  30. DNA Replication Review 1.ATGGCT • TACCGA • 2.GCAGTT • CGTCAA • 3.TCGAGA • AGCTCT • 4.TTCCGA • AAGGCT

  31. RNA • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) – translates DNA genetic code into the actual proteins for the cell

  32. RNA • Has single strand • Ribose sugar • NO Thymine, Uracil instead

  33. Comparison DNA RNA Single Strand Ribose sugar Has NO thymine, uses Uracil instead • Double Strand • Deoxyribose sugar • Has thymine

  34. RNA Transcription • DNA ex ATGGCT • Transcription • UACCGA • 1. GCAGTT • DNA • CGUCAA • Transcription • 2. AATGCC • DNA • UUACGG • Transcription • 3. TTGCAG • DNA • AACGUC • Transcription

  35. Protein is what the cell makes! • Amino acid – building blocks of protein

  36. 3 types of RNA: • Messenger RNA (mRNA) – brings instructions from the DNA • Transfer RNA (tRNA) – takes amino acids to rRNA • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – puts amino acids in the right order to make protein

  37. Step 1 Step 1: Make RNA • Transcription – enzymes use 1 strand of DNA to make an RNA strand (instead of Thymine, uses Uracil)

  38. Step 2 Step 2: Translation – making protein • Codon– 3 letters on the mRNA that code for a protein • Anticodon – a tRNA that matches the codon, carries an amino acid

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