Radio Communications

1. Lecture 2 Radio Communications

2. Basic Communications Course • Introduction to Radio Agenda • Radio Procedures • Radio Equipment

3. Voice Procedures • Correct radio procedures can be remembered using “SAD”. Security Accuracy Discipline

4. Security • Identification of a station must be kept as secret as possible. This is done by using what? A unique Callsign.

5. Security MRW 51 • M- Denotes that the callsign is Military and allocated to the United Kingdom. • R- Indicates the callsign is associated with the RAF. • W- Is an indication of geographical location. • 51- A serial number issued to the station by HQ Air Cadets.

6. Security • Additionally what does the M at the end of a callsign indicate? • E.g. MRW40M1. • Mobile unit, M1,M2,M3, and so on. • When referring to a callsign it must always be given in Phonetic Alphabet:

7. Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta Echo Foxtrot Golf Hotel India Juliet Kilo Lima Mike November Oscar Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Uniform Victor Whiskey X-Ray Yankee Zulu Phonetic Alphabet

8. Security • The fact that there may be more than one listener highlights another important point. • One of the listeners may be unauthorised. Unauthorised listeners are called interceptors. • Therefore you must always assume for every transmission there are three elements: The Sender. The Listeners. The Interceptors.

9. Security Never • Use unauthorised codenames. • Use personal names or nicknames. • Use slang, jargon or foul language. • Transmit aircraft types, roles or weapon loadsin clear speech. • Transmit details of arms or ammunition, particularly their movements. • Transmit unit locations in clear speech.

10. Security Always • Use your callsign at the start of the transmission. • Use only authorised codenames and codewords. • Ask the station to authenticate if you think it may not be a genuine Station calling.

11. Sunray - OC Pronto - Signals Rep Seagull - Adjutant Nutshell – Store Rep Shelldrake- Shooting Rep Security Code Names All can be suffixed by Major or Minor depending on appointment

12. Security Authentication • There are four methods of challenging a station that is using your network. Alpha Bravo Charlie Delta

13. Security Authentication ALPHA • Alpha - to reply to this is to state the station’s Squadron number.

14. Security Authentication BRAVO • Bravo - state the station’s Squadron number in reverse.

15. Security Authentication CHARLIE • Charlie - state the station’s squadron number added to the date.

16. Security Authentication DELTA • Removed for security

17. Security Authentication • Should the reply not be satisfactory all radio operations are to be stopped immediately and a report sent to the Wing Communications Officer. • DELTA should be normally used in challenging a mobile unit.

18. Security Veiled Speech • This simple method of conveying information is used when both the listener and sender are aware of the subject matter. • Meet me at the same time and place as last week.

19. Accuracy • Voice messages should beclear,logicalandbrief. • Before transmitting listen out on the frequency to ensure that there will be no interference with a transmission from another station.

20. Accuracy • Be familiar with the operation of your microphone andDO NOTturn your head away from it whilst talking. • TRY NOTto vary the distance between the microphone and your mouth.

21. Accuracy • DO NOTtouch the microphone with anything whilst transmitting, even your lips can cause severe distortion. • DO NOTtalk too close to the microphone. The microphone should be about 50mm away from your mouth and you should speak across it rather than directly into it.

22. Accuracy • DO NOThold the microphone or boom of a combined headset/microphone system.

23. Accuracy • Use a normal conversational tone, speak clearly and distinctly. • A slight pause before and after numbers will make them easier to understand. • DO NOT use hesitation sounds such as “er” or “um”.

24. Accuracy • Only press the PressToTransmit (PTT) switch when ready to speak, and ensure that you press it fully before speaking. • If you stop speaking during your message, release the PTT switch until you are ready to start speaking again - such breaks in transmission should be avoided.

25. Accuracy • DO NOT release the switch until you have finished talking, this will ensure that the message is complete, and not clipped.

26. Accuracy • Always ensure that the PTT switch has released correctly and that there is no likelihood of it being inadvertently switched on. This would avoid the potentially dangerous and irritating situation of a “stuck” microphone blocking out all othertransmissions.

27. Accuracy R.S.V.P. Rhythm. Develop a natural rhythm and divide the message into sensibly sized sections. Speed. Use an even rate of speaking, slightly slower than normal.

28. Accuracy Volume. Maintain your speaking volume at a constant level. Ensure it is loud enough to be heard over background noise. Pitch. The voice should be slightly higher pitched than normal.

29. Accuracy • Prowords. • By using standardised words and phrases it is possible to keep voice transmissions brief and clear. Whole sentances can be replaced by easily pronouncable and widely recognisable prowords.

30. Accuracy Prowords • THIS IS Indicates the callsign of the sender is about to follow. • OVER This is the end of my present transmission to a listener - a reply or acknowledgement is required.

31. Accuracy Prowords • OUT This is the end of my transmission - no reply is expected. • WAIT OUT Your transmission has been received, a reply will follow later.

32. Accuracy Prowords • WILCO Message received, understood and I will comply with your instructions. • ROGER I have received your last transmission satisfactorily. • SAY AGAIN Request for repetition of a whole, or part of a message.

33. Accuracy Prowords • MESSAGE The transmission to follow will require to be written down. • FIGURES Used before groups of numbers sent digit by digit. • GRID Used before any encoded reference or grid reference sent in clear speech. • RADIO CHECK Report how you receive my transmission.

34. Accuracy Prowords • SPEAK SLOWER Transmit at a lower speed. • BREAK I am separating the text (during a long transmission) or I have finished • transmitting to you and want the next identified station to reply.

35. Accuracy Prowords • TIME The following group is a time group or a date time group. • UNKNOWN STATION Used when calling a Station whose identity is not known. • WRONG Your last transmission was incorrect. Correct version is...

37. Discipline ALWAYS: • Use correct voice procedure. • Maintain a constant listening radio watch. • Ensure the correct frequency or channel is selected and used. • Answer all your calls promptly. • Think before transmitting and make sure you know your message. • Release the transmit switch as soon as possible after you have finished speaking.

38. Discipline NEVER: • Violate radio silence unless an emergency make it necessary. • Compromise classified information by using plain language. • Make unnecessary, over-long or unofficial transmissions. • Identify yourself or your unit by name. • Swear or lose your temper. • Disclose Air Cadet Frequencies. • Give telephone numbers oraddresses.

39. Sending Messages- Establishing Contact • When a radio station first switches on it is necessary to establish if communications are satisfactory. The operator should carry out a “Radio check” to achieve this.

40. Sending Messages- Establishing Contact • A radio check is a two-way communication which reports on two aspects of the transmission, its strength and readability. The strength of a signal is divided into 5 levels or degrees, and the readability is divided into 6 grades or degrees.

41. Establishing Contact- Signal Strength • Loud (the strongest) • Good • Weak • Very weak • Fading(the weakest signal)

42. Establishing Contact- Readability • Clear • Readable • Unreadable • Distorted • Intermittent • Interference

43. Establishing Contact • MRW51 This is MRW42 Radio check over. • MRW42 This is MRW51 Good Readable radio check over. • MRW51 This is MRW42 Loud Clear out.

44. Establishing Contact • Alternatively radio checks can be obtained by calling generally on the net using the two phonetic code words ALPHA CHARLIE.

45. Establishing Contact • When a radio check is preceded by Alpha Charlie, it indicates that any station may give a reply. • CHARLIE CHARLIE may be used for a group of stations. Replies to these collective callsigns are usually made in order of callsign number.

46. Establishing Contact • Alpha Charlie Alpha Charlie This is MRW42 Radio check over. • MRW42 This is MRW51 Good Readable radio check over. • MRW42 This is MRW52 Weak Distorted radio check over. • MRW51 This is MRW42 Loud Clear out. • MRW52 This is MRW42 Weak Readable out.

47. Messages • Messages sent on the radio consist of THREE distinct elements. • The Call • The Text • The Ending

48. Messages- The Call • MRW51 This is MRW42 over. • MRW42 This is MRW51 send over. • This makes sure that MRW51 is ready to receive the message.

49. Messages- The Text • MRW51 This is MRW42 move to this location and report on arrival over. • The text is the part of a message which conveys the meaning or the instructions. It may take more than one transmission to pass on the entire message.

50. Messages- The Ending • MRW42 This is MRW51WILCO out. • The ending is used to signify that the message has been understood and action will be taken if necessary, and as the name implies it is the end of that message.