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Dania, Shana, Brian, & Mark Spring ‘05 Alternative Energy

Dania, Shana, Brian, & Mark Spring ‘05 Alternative Energy. Coal: The Ignoble Fuel. Types of Coal: Based on carbon content. Brown Coal aka Lignite. Hard Coal aka Black Coal. The Composition of Coal Main Elements: C arbon H ydrogen O xygen N itrogen S ulfur. Coal Formation:

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Dania, Shana, Brian, & Mark Spring ‘05 Alternative Energy

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  1. Dania, Shana, Brian, & MarkSpring ‘05Alternative Energy

  2. Coal: The Ignoble Fuel

  3. Types of Coal: Based on carbon content Brown Coal aka Lignite Hard Coal aka Black Coal

  4. The Composition of Coal Main Elements: Carbon HydrogenOxygenNitrogenSulfur

  5. Coal Formation: Plant material decomposes  Peat is covered with mud and sand Pressure Changes Peat to Coal

  6. Coal Extraction Two Types of Mines: Surface Mines Deep Mines

  7. Facts about coal: • United States • -Coal fills 23% of our energy demand • -Coal represents more than 80 percent of America’s known recoverable fossil fuel reserves. • -The United States has 500 billion tons of coal accessible through current production methods. • Worldwide • -Mined in 100 different countries on every continent except Antarctica • -Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel

  8. US Coal Production:

  9. Coal Uses • Major Uses: • 1)Electric Power2)Industry3)Manufacturing of steel

  10. The Down Side: • Environmental Issues • -Coal is the least desirable fossil fuel. • -Negative pollution effects on water & air erosion, & acid rain • In the US, federal laws enforce proper mine usage and restoration. Also, several acts including the Clean Air and Water Acts control the effects of coals negative externalities. • Social Issues • -Boomtowns • -Job Dangers

  11. Future Outlook: -At current rates, coal resources will last over a thousand years -Advances in coal mining technology will only add distance to that horizon -Increasing coal usage can lessen oil consumption

  12. Natural Gas

  13. History: -1000 B.C. gas springs -natural fires Uses: -residential-commercial- industrial

  14. Natural Gas: -colorless, shapeless, & odorless in pure form -combustible & when burned released energy-clean burning & emits lower levels of potentially harmful byproducts-combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases

  15. Basic Compositions of Natural Gas: Methane CH4 ~70-90% Ethane C2H6 ~0-20% Propane C3H8 ~0-20%Butane C4H10 ~0-20%

  16. Formation & Extraction: -Found in reservoirs underneath the earth- natural gas is commonly associated with oil deposits-Formed from the remains of plants, animals & microorganisms -Production (extraction) companies search for evidence reservoirs with use of sophisticated technology- wells are then drilled

  17. Advanced 3-D Seismic Imaging & 4-D Seismic Imaging

  18. Total energy consumed in US: 2000source: EIA outlook Uses of natural gas---->

  19. Fossil Fuel Emission Levels (Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input) Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000 Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208 Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457 Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591 Particulates 7 84 2,744 Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016 Source: EIA - Natural Gas Issues and Trends 1998

  20. Overview of natural gas: -cost efficient-domestically abundant -secure source of energy -relatively environmentally friendly

  21. OIL

  22. Oil:A familiar & popular fossil fuel3 phases of production:-primary- secondary-tertiary Crude oil loop----->

  23. Products:

  24. Oil extracting/producing nations: -Saudi Arabia-United States-Russia [FSU]-Iran-Venezuela-Iraq

  25. Oil & the damages: Environmental:-emissions of greenhouse gasses-acid rain-addition of toxins-over consumption-unfriendly production-spills

  26. Impacts cont. -social & political-dependencies-economical/industrial Solutions: -careful consumption & reduction-more efficient use of oil & oil products-cleaner & more environmentally responsive production methods

  27. Future of oil & fossil fuels:

  28. FOSSIL FUELS FOSSIL FUELS.

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