The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA

1. The BREAK-UP of YUGOSLAVIA

2. Josip Broz Tito“Brotherhood andUnity”

3. Slovene/Catholic 91% Croat/Catholic 3% Serb/E Ortho 2% Croat/Catholic 78% Serb/E Ortho 12% Muslims (43.7%) Croats/Catholic (17.3%) Serbs/E Ortho (31.4 %) Serb/ E Ortho 63% Montenegrin/ E Ortho 6% Albanian/Muslim 14% Hungarian/Catholic 4% Bosnia: 40% of urban couples ethnically mixed Patterns of Ethnic Settlement Facilitated the Conflict and Break-up 66% Macedonian/E Ortho 23% Albanian/Muslim 2% Serb/E Ortho 4% Turk/Muslim

4. Key to the conflict • World underestimated • the power and violence of appeals to ethnicity and nationalism • Milosevic • purged moderates • played upon old fears/animosities • engaged in specific policies designed to • perpetuate the fear and • SEGREGATE the populations and REDRAW national boundaries to their own advantage • specifically calculated the West’s inability/reluctance to get involved

5. With the rise of Gorbachev and liberalization of relations with USSR • Yugoslavia was no longer a crucial link to US foreign policy • Fear precedent of break-up • US and West was focused on Persian Gulf • WEST not prepared to deal with conflicting goals: integrity of state v. self determination

6. Which is a more appropriate goal? To protect state sovereignty? Borders? To allow all groups to have self-determination and independent nations?

7. Bosnia • Geographically it’s in the middle • Territory was desirable for its access to the Adriatic Sea and for strategic reasons • It was an example of a truly multi-ethnic society with no majority • Muslims (43.7%) • Croats (17.3%) • Serbs (31.4 %) • The population consisted of large ethnic groups • Linked to Serbia and Croatia • Serbia and Croatia wanted these people and their lands to join Serbia and Croatia respectively, rather than be in a multi-ethnic Bosnia

8. Why was the genocide not stopped?

9. IRONY OF ETHNIC CLEANSING • Ethnic cleansing and mass murder produced ethnically pure territorial units • ultimately produces NEATER maps on which peace settlement could be worked • allowing the safe areas to fall got rid of enclaves that cluttered the map • world leaders denounce ethnic cleansing BUT in the end BACK RESULTS which bring peace

10. ETHNIC MIX • BEFORE THE • WAR

11. Before the War After Dayton Accords

12. BOSNIA • Declares independence, too • Bosnian Serbs • declare an independent Serb state and lay siege to Sarajevo, claiming the city as its capital • Yugoslav artillery shell Bosnia/Sarajevo—providing support to Serb irregulars who engage in ethnic cleansing of Bosnia • 1000 Serbs shells a day hitting Sarajveo • 3,777 hit in 16 hours on July 23, 1993

13. VUKOVAR Multi-ethnic city bordering Croatia and Serbia: city reduced from 50,000 to 15,000

14. Safe Areas: what were they supposed to be? Srebrenica, Tuzla, Zepa, Sarajevo, Gorazde

15. SARAJEVO BEFORE THE WAR

17. The Sarajevo Shuffle

19. Market Bombings that Finally Touch the World

28. Women and Elderly Fleeing Srebrenica with UN watching

30. Mass Graves Uncovered Where the Men From Srebrenica Ended Up

34. Fall of Gorazde the Last Safe Area

36. CAMPS at Omarska

38. What is the link between nationalism and human rights in this region? Any parallels to the terror in Argentina?

39. Back to original dilemma… What are the conflicting values?

40. Dayton Peace Accord • Single Bosnia state (country) • divided into Bosnia Croat-Muslim Federation and Bosnian Serb Republic (2 republics) • joint presidency • free elections • END up w/ Bosnia ethnic enclaves each elect strong nationalist governments • NATO implementation force (IFOR) to enforce provisions and ensure elections • War crime tribunal

42. Before the War After Dayton Accords

43. International Role in Yugoslavia Neo-isolationist or Internationalist? Cooperative or Military Interventionist?

44. International Role in Yugoslavia • Sept 1991 • UN arms embargo on Yugoslavia • Oct 1991 • Sec’y General sends special envoy (Vance) • negotiate a short cease-fire • Feb 1992 • Deploy UNPROFOR (14,000 soldiers) • to ensure that areas vacated by Serbian army are protected • assist humanitarian agencies • assist displaced persons in getting home

45. October 1992 • UN declares no-fly zones for Serbian planes over Bosnia and send monitors • November 1992 • send UN troops to Macedonia (1st preventive action ever) • February 1993 • establish International Criminal tribunal • May 1993 • declare Sarajevo and 5 other areas as “safe areas” • should be free of armed attacks...

46. June 1993 • increase UNPROFOR size • authorize use of force (including air strikes) • IN REPLY to attacks on any “safe area” • Feb. 1994 • NATO authorizes air strikes to deter attacks on civilians in Sarajevo • April 1994 • Contact Group forms to draw up peaceful settlement • US, UK, Germany, France, Russia

47. QUOTES • "Milosevic is a survivor, a political animal. But I think the Kosovo crisis is the beginning of his downfall. ... Milosevic has been surfing on patriotism for 10 years, but he has given nothing back to show for it." -- Zarko Korac, a Belgrade University psychology professor (Knight Ridder Newspapers)

48. QUOTES • "Vested interests are behind this [the world's outrage], and of course a very well-organized and well-paid media war. Today in Europe it is normal for the Vatican or Austria and Germany to support Croats. It's not normal if Serbs are supporting Serbs." MILOSEVIC

50. Kosovo