The Cognitive Perspective: Memory

1. The Cognitive Perspective:Memory

4. Write down you three clearest memories

5. What is memory? • Memory is what reminds you on Friday what you should have done on the previous Monday!!

6. The more I study, The more I know; The more I know, The more I forget; The more I forget, The less I know, So why study? The more I lecture, The more you know; The more you know, The more you forget; The more you forget, The less you know, So why should I lecture? What is memory

7. A little experiment • Remember the following words

8. BEE SEE PEA TREE GLEE KEY

9. SHE KNEE FREE Read these, no need to remember • THREE • TEA • PLEA

10. RECALL THE WORDS ON THE FIRST LIST

11. SHE KNEE FREE What about • THREE • TEA • PLEA Are replaced by • ESKIMO • BUFFALO • TELEPHONE • VIOLIN • PENCIL • WINTER

12. Short-term Memory • acoustic code • rehearsal • serial exhaustive retrieval • forgetting is due to interference (replacement) or decay

13. Short-term Memory • Storage: • limited storage : 7± 2 items, chunking Working Memory What you can articulate in 2.5s

14. Pioneers in memory • James (1890) • First US psychologist • Wrote the monumental Principles in Psychology PRIMARY MEMORY • Immediate, present effortless • SECONDARY MEMORY • Unconscious - permanent • Genuine Past • Requires effort

15. Pioneers in memory Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885 • Nonsense syllables • Clusters of three letters: • KED, MOZ • Read list, covered it, recited • Repeat • Discovered he gradually improved • Flaws of design?

16. Pioneers in memory Hermann Ebbinghaus 1885 • Associationist • Short term and long term memory

17. The modal model of memory Rehearsal Short Term Store Long Term Store Sensory Store Sensory Store Sensory Store Transfer Displacement (Forgetting) But what is the evidence for separate STS / LTS?

18. Evidence for STS / LTS distinction • Converging evidence appeared to support the STS / LTS distinction as proposed by the modal model: • Capacity differences - STS = limited / LTS = unlimited • Encoding differences - STS = phonological / LTS = semantic • Serial Position Curves- STS = Recency / LTS = Primacy + Asym • Forgetting - STS = trace decay / LTS = interference • Neuropsych Evidence - HM = intact STS, impaired LTS • KF = intact LTS, impaired STS • BUT - psychology is never simple...

19. HM Milner (1996) Epileptic Antergrade amenesia Reread newspaper Time for 15 seconds Memento KF Shallice an Warrington (1970) Motorcycle accident STM impaired LTM good--even after the accident Case studies

20. Problems for STS / LTS distinction • Encoding differences - How do we comprehend text / learn language / remember faces? • SPCs- Recency effects after 20sec distraction following each item (Tzeng, 1973). Long term recency (Baddeley & Hitch, 1977) • constant ratio rule(t / T)(Glenberg et al, 1980). • Forgetting - Interference effects in STS (e.g. Release from Proactive Interference - RPI) • NP Evidence - Why is HM able to encode information in LTS if the STS is a critical bottleneck? • The modal model provided the first systematic attempt to account for the structures and processes which comprise the memory system • But by the end of the 1960s there were several well established findings that it was unable to account for.

21. 7 Plus or minus 2 George Miller (1956) STM can hold between 5 and 9 chunks of items Brown and Peterson technique (1959) Three letter in a Trigram Count back ward in threes from 176 aloud Magic number 7

22. Study the letters K M G

23. Count Backwards by three aloud 176

24. Study the letters P S N

25. Count Backwards by three aloud 176

26. Comparing memory

27. Sensory Processing • Short-term sensory memory • iconic, echoic, and kinesthetic memory • Sperling’s experiment

28. Sperling’s (1960) study of sensory memory

29. Whole report procedure • Pay attention to the following matrix

30. N K J A F Z P M T W U X +

31. Task • Try to recall as many letters as possible.

32. Partial report • Report the letters in the row indicated by the arrow.

33. B I M T V L K C S D F H +

34. Independent variables • Delay between matrix and cue

35. Sperling’s Experiment • whole report : 4-5 items • partial report : 9 items • delay cue : 0 ms - 9items 150 ms - 7 items 250 ms - 6 items 1000 ms - 4-5 items

36. Short-term sensory memory (C’d) • preattentive: large capacity, parallel processing • veridical : much physical information of the stimulus is preserved • rapid decay

38. Write down as many as you can remember

40. Story telling • Make up a story for each and every item • The sillier the better.

42. Write down as many as you can remember

44. Wander around the house • Put each item in a part of the house. • Imagine your house, from the moment you enter it. • Pick ten distinct places • Go progressively from one to the next. • Simonides

46. Write down as many as you can remember

48. Serial position curve • Words near the begging and end of a list are better remembered

49. Coding in STM • Activity 3 • Two lists • Two groups • Counterbalancing

50. Write in order they appear (Conrad 1964) T P B C V F