Introduction To Computers and Programming

1. FTSM Introduction To Computers and Programming Knowledge: Understand the concepts of computer, hardware, software and programming Computer Science Department

2. What is a computer? “A device or machine which can be programmed to receive data and perform manipulation, such as arithmetic calculation and logic processing, and generate processed data systematically” – DBP 1995 TK1913-C Programming2

3. History of Computer • The 1st electronic computer was created by Dr John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry in year 1930s at Iowa State University. It was intended for postgraduate students in nuclear physics to calculate complex arithmetics • ENIAC (electronic digital computer) was created in year 1946 at University of Pennsylvania under the American Defense’s financial assistance. Its weight was 30 tans and size was 30x50 square feet • 1950 - now => Microcomputer (workstation), minicomputer, mainframe and supercomputer TK1913-C Programming3

4. Computer Hardware • Input Devices • Capture/receive input from users • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Execute instructions; compute, compare and transform data • Primary Storage or Main Memory • Temporary storage for data/programs • Output Devices • Produce output/result • Secondary Storage Devices • Permanent storage for data/programs TK1913-C Programming4

5. Computer Hardware CD ROM, DVD ROM (Secondary Storage) Floppy disk (Secondary Storage) Hard disk (Secondary Storage) Memory i.e. RAM & ROM (Primary Storage) Speaker (Output Device) Monitor Screen (Output Device) Printer (Output Device) TK1913-C Programming5 Keyboard (Input Device) Mouse (Input Device)

6. Computer Software • Program • An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner. • Without programs, computers are useless. A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of ingredients (called variables) and a list of directions (called statements) that tell the computer what to do with the variables. The variables can represent numeric data, text, or graphical images. • Software • An executable program that is run in the computer • 2 types of software: • System Software • Application Software TK1913-C Programming6

7. User App. Software Syst. Software Hardware Computer System The diagram below illustrates the anatomy of a computer system TK1913-C Programming9

8. Computer Environment • Personal Computer • All components are directly connected and not shared by others (stand-alone) • Time-sharing • Several users share hardware resources • Client-server • Computer tasks are divided between central computer and users’ computers TK1913-C Programming10

9. Roles of Computer • Data Processing • Transform raw data into organised and meaningful information • Control • Control tools that are difficult to be controlled by human • Design and Development • Data Communication TK1913-C Programming11

10. Concepts of Programming • A planning process for a sequence of instruction to be executed by the computer • Programming is performed to solve a particular problem • Phases involved: • Problem Analysis • General Solution (Algorithm) • Validation • Detailed Solution (Coding) • Testing TK1913-C Programming12

11. Programming Languages • Machine Language • Consists of code 0 and 1 • The only language that computer understands • Symbolic/Assembly Language • Uses symbols or mnemonic to represent machine language instruction • Needs to be translated into machine language • High-Level Language • Resembles human language. E.g. English Language • Needs to be translated into machine language TK1913-C Programming13

12. Types of Programming • Structured • Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN • Functional • Scheme, LISP • Object-Oriented • Java, C++ • Logic-based • Prolog • Scripts • Perl, Visual Basic, Javascript TK1913-C Programming14

13. Yes !! That’s all? What’s next??? ALGORITHM on the way … End of Lecture 1 TK1913-C Programming15