Evolution of Mexican National Identity: Local to Global Modernity

1. Prof. Juan Bruce-Novoa Dept. Spanish & Portuguese

2. México in Search of Itself LOCAL 1810-21 Independence 1829 Spanish Invasion 1824-35 Political Chaos, i.e. 16 Presidents • Texas Rebellion 1846-48 U.S. Invasion: Territory reduced 50% 1856-63 War of Reform 1863-7 French Invasion & Imposed Empire 1876-1910 Pax Porfiriana Global

3. Mexican National Character National Style National Production National Consumption Self-Representation Spanish . . . US Colonial Character International Style Foreign Marketing Foreign Production 6. Misrepresentation LOCAL Global Modernization Models of Modernity

4. Josephus Arias Huarte Jean Auguste-Dominique Ingres

5. Jacques Louis David Rodrigo Gutiérrez José Obregón

6. CIVIL RELIGION: History as progress towards ideal fusion: Best of European & Indian: Mestizo Nation, the “natural” Logic of Evolution. USEABLE INDIAN PAST Aztec: ideal civilization lacking only Christianity. Surpassed through laws of “natural” Logic of Evolution.

7. Elite Native Culture: Aztec Empire 2. Elite European: Greco-Roman/ Spanish Enlightened Liberal, Cosmopolitan Positivism Heroic Protagonists Cuauhtémoc: native nobility Hidalgo: Independence Juárez: Liberty Díaz: Peace & Progress Porfirian Mexican Evolutionary Logic

8. WORLD FAIRISMInternational Stages for Performing Nationalism & Modernity New Orleans 1884 Paris 1900

9. PARIS 1889

11. Cuauhtémoc

13. Staging Local Modernity:URBANISM & CITY PLANNING 1. Totalizing Jesuit theory of planned environment 2. A nation’s historical & moral qualities expressed in their products, especially architecture. 3. Epitome of civilized character  organization of social space: the city. 4. Urbanization to remedy inherited chaos. 5. City Planning of harmonious future.

14. Owen Buckingham Smith Pemberton

15. Victorian Gothic Revival Charles Barry &Augustus Welby Pugin. 1840-60. John Ruskin: The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) Moral superiority of Gothic; nostalgia for ideal Christian past

16. 1793-1970 Washington D.C. 1792-1818

17. Georges-Eugène, Baron Haussmann Paris Urbanization, 1853-1870 Replace Medieval chaos with order. Facilitate movement & new sense of space and how to experience it. a. Wide streets: boulevards b. Monumental buildings at key sites c. New Technologies d. Sense of total organization = social order as product spacial orientation

18. Mexico City: 19th Century 1793 1876 1892 1901 1909

19. Palacio de Minería 1813

20. Classic Vs Gothic?

21. Parisian Urban U.S. Urban

22. “El Caballito”: Site of Memory Monument to Carlos IV (1796-1803)

23. 1855 1870 1887 1891

25. Residence in Colonial Roma 1890s 1904: Official Government Architectural Policy of Eclecticism: Meet Universal Structural needs with Unlimited Exterior Choice; Architect as Civil Servant to administer to the Common Good

26. Architectural Styles Classical Building Construction Non-Classical Years Years

28. School of Mines 1813 Secretariat of Communications and Public Works 1910

29. Central de Correos 1910

30. Cámara de Diputados, 1910

31. Monument to Cuauhtémoc 1887 P A S E O De la R E F O R M A PARIS 1840 Angel ofIndependence 1910

32. 1908

33. Boulevard As Museum of National History

35. Family as National Allegory:Building a Future on Solid Present Celebrated in 1910 Independence Centenary

37. 1910 Centenary of Mexican Independence

38. 1910 G O I T I A La B o l a

39. Herrán´s Azuela´sMexican Family in Family Underdogs