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Basics of Genetics

Basics of Genetics. Part 1. Introduction. Cells come from existing cells – the cell theory “Like produces like” – dogs produce pups not kittens But how??????? Heredity- transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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Basics of Genetics

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  1. Basics of Genetics Part 1

  2. Introduction • Cells come from existing cells – the cell theory • “Like produces like” – dogs produce pups not kittens But how??????? • Heredity- transmission of traits from one generation to the next • Genetics- the science of heredity usually dealing with the molecular basis

  3. DNA • Genetics: Study of heredity and DNA • Discovered in the late 1800’s (not known as genetic material yet.) (Proteins) • Limited by technology • Located inside nucleus of cell (also in mitochondria, chloroplast, virus and bacteria). • Purpose of DNA is to code for proteins. • Made up of a phosphate, sugar and nucleotide bases. • Arranged in a double helix (twisted ladder). • Watson and Crick (1953)

  4. II. DNA A. Structure Nucleotide Phosphate group + Sugar + Nitrogen base

  5. DNA cont. • Four nucleotide bases: • Adenine A always pairs w/ T • Thymine • Guanine G always pairs w/ C • Cytosine Complimentary base pairs • 2-3 billion base pairs in DNA • Chargraff’s ratio: #A = #T and #G = #C

  6. Diagram of DNA

  7. RNA • Acts as an intermediary between DNA and protein. • Common in cytoplasm of the cell. • Transfers code from DNA to ribosome (where protein is made). • Made of phosphate, sugar and nucleotide bases. • Single stranded.

  8. RNA cont. • Four nucleotide bases: • Adenine A always pairs w/ U • Uracil (replaces thymine) • Guanine G always pairs w/ C • Cytosine

  9. RNA cont. • Three types of RNA • mRNA- (messenger) carries information from DNA to ribosome • tRNA- (transfer) carries amino acids to ribosome • rRNA- (ribosomal) assembles amino acids to make protein

  10. 3 Important Processes • Replication: DNA making copies of itself • Transcription: DNA makes RNA • Translation: Protein synthesis (making proteins)

  11. DNA Deoxyribose (sugar) Double stranded Thymine Located in nucleus RNA Ribose (sugar) Single stranded Uracil Found in cytoplasm Comparing DNA and RNA

  12. After amino acids have bonded, the tRNA leaves. Continues until STOP codon Protein synthesis is done New protein is released

  13. DNA code TGA ______________ _______________ • mRNA codon _____________ UCU _______________ • tRNA anticodon`_____________ ________________ _______________ • Amino acid ____________ ______________ tryptophan

  14. DNA code CAT ______________ _______________ • mRNA codon _____________ GUU _______________ • tRNA anticodon`_____________ ________________ _______________ • Amino acid ____________ ______________ methionine

  15. Sickle Cell Anemia

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