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Chapter 9

Chapter 9. Language Contact Pidgins, Creoles, & New Englishes. Whaddya Think?. Codeswitching and borrowing are two sides of the same coin…. Pidgins & Creoles: Tok Pisin.

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Chapter 9

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  1. Chapter 9 Language ContactPidgins, Creoles, & New Englishes

  2. Whaddya Think? Codeswitching and borrowing are two sides of the same coin…

  3. Pidgins & Creoles: Tok Pisin • Tasol dispela mi raitim pinis, em mi raitim bai yupela i ken bilip long Jisas em i Krais, em i Pikinini Bilong God. Na sapos yupela i bilip, orait bai yupela i kisim laip long nem belong em. (John 20:31) • But these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in his name. (John 20:31) http://www.wycliffe.ca/resources/HTML/soundbytes.html

  4. Pidgin Precipitants • Which of the following contribute to the development of a Pidgin? • Trade • Slavery • Migration • Conquest • All of the above

  5. Pidgin Grammatical Structure • Often not clearly ‘borrowed’ • Defined by deficit • Tense often by inference or adverbs • Simplified pronouns

  6. ‘Less than complete’ Not primary No native speakers… Often for business Rapidly developed Vocab often borrowed Pidgin Key Points

  7. Pidgin Vocab • Limited Lexicon • Polysemy (meaning) • Multifunctionality (syntax) • Circumlocution (creative syntax  meaning) • Compounding (Lexical) • Reduplication (Lexical // syntactic) Give examples of each(from experience or from the text)

  8. Pidgin Origin Theories • Explaining Similarities • Monogenesis • Independent parallel development • Linguistic universals

  9. Didja Git It? Which of the following is a pidgin? • AAVE • Appalachian English • Common Moroccan Arabic • Gullah • None of the above

  10. Diddja Git It? • Tasol dispela mi raitim pinis, em mi raitim bai yupela i ken bilip long Jisas em i Krais, em i Pikinini Bilong God. Na sapos yupela i bilip, orait bai yupela i kisim laip long nem belong em. (John 20:31) Tok Pisin is a pidgin

  11. So What… … ISan example of pidgin? What makes the others creoles?

  12. Questions… … before we move on?

  13. Creole Key Points • Complete language • First language • For at least some • Typically develop from pidgins

  14. Creoles • Expanded: • Vocabulary • Phonological rules • Syntax • Full fledged language • Stigmatized by it’s origin…

  15. Creolization Theories • Bio-program • Pidginization = 2nd Lang Acq w/ limited input • Creolization = 1st Lang Acq w/ limited input  Creole ≈ underlying ‘human’ language • Gradualism • Language develops from need to talk • True transfer from P  C > 1 generation • Reality…? • Need another theory… (why?)

  16. Questions…. … before we move on?

  17. English Around the World Should the English spoken in countries like South Africa, India, Japan & China be considered • Creole • Pidgin • Standard English • Non-standard English • None of the above

  18. New Englishes • Original Conception • Few L1 speakers of English • English acquired in school (not home) • English used for multiple purposes(e.g. Lingua franca, gov’t, media, etc.) • Has adopted some vocabulary & grammar from local language(s) • Redefinition is underway & ongoing…

  19. Tendencies in New Englishes • Repeating pronouns • Invariant tags (isn’t it?, no? not so?...) • Double marking of clauses(Although you are away, but you remember) • Phonological interference(AKA enrichment) …Stabilization of SLA strategies…

  20. Views of English in India • Special varietyDistinctly different from UK & US…Nativization… South Asianization… • No more different than UK vs. US Language varieties have always existed… The multi-lingual nature of an area is not significant • Still an alien language An important presence requiring politeness… Not an integral part of the core of life. Implications for Educational & Linguistic policies…

  21. Creolization Shifts • Recreolization •  less like ‘power’ language • Decreolization • Creole becomes more like the “power” language it descended from… • (But… c.f. development of pidgin…)

  22. Decreolization Vocab Related in use & motivation to language in Morocco • Basilect • ‘Deep’ creole • Unintelligible with ‘power’ language • Mesolect • Mid point between the others • Acrolect • Minor differences from ‘power’ language

  23. New Englishes: Tie It Together • Codeswitching • Basilect ≈ solidarity • Mesolect • Acrolect ≈ prestige… • Diglossic tendencies • Government & education • Instructional target = hot political issue

  24. Whaddya Think?

  25. Linguistic Schizophrenia • New Englishes speakers • Typically don’t accept their own variety as ‘correct’ or ‘prestigious’ • Are unwilling to accept English either…

  26. Homework • Read: “Nations in Asia give English their own flavorful quirks”@ http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/dmarlow • Debate the issue tomorrow… *** Be ready to take a side!!! ***

  27. Coming Soon… • Chapter 11 next (this is a must-read)- For the (virtual) day after tomorrow: - Sections 11.1 & 11.3

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