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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Coach Biology. Chapter 1. Lesson 7. Coach: Lesson 7. Elements. Everything – whether it is a rock, frog, or flower – is made of substances called elements. An element is a substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances. Coach: Lesson 7.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6

  2. Coach Biology Chapter 1 Lesson 7

  3. Coach: Lesson 7 Elements • Everything – whether it is a rock, frog, or flower – is made of substances called elements. • An element is a substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances.

  4. Coach: Lesson 7 Natural elements in living things • Of the naturally occurring elements on Earth, only about 25 are essential to living organisms. • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up more that 96 percent of the mass of a human body.

  5. Coach: Lesson 7 Table 6.1 Some Elements That Make Up the Human Body Percent By Mass in Human Body Percent By Mass in Human Body Element Element Symbol Symbol Oxygen Fe O 65.0 Iron trace Zn Zinc Carbon C 18.5 trace Hydrogen Cu H 9.5 Copper trace I Iodine Nitrogen N 3.3 trace Mn Calcium Ca 1.5 trace Manganese Boron B 1.0 P Phosphorus trace Cr K Potassium 0.4 Chromium trace trace Mo Molybdenum Sulfur S 0.3 Cobalt Sodium Co trace Na 0.2 Se Chlorine 0.2 Selenium trace Cl Fluorine F Magnesium Mg 0.1 trace

  6. Coach: Lesson 7 Section 6.1 Summary – pages 141-151 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Elements • An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element. • Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.

  7. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The Role of Carbon in Organisms • A carbon atom has four electrons available for bonding in its outer energy level. In order to become stable, a carbon atom forms four covalent bonds that fill its outer energy level.

  8. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The Role of Carbon in Organisms • Two carbon atoms can form various types of covalent bonds—single, double or triple. Double Bond Triple Bond Single Bond

  9. Coach: Lesson 7 Molecular chains • Carbon compounds vary greatly in size. • When carbon atoms bond to each other, they can form: straight chains, branched chains, or rings.

  10. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Molecular chains • Small molecules (monomers) bond together to form chains called polymers. Apolymeris a large molecule formed when many monomers bond together.

  11. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of carbohydrates • Acarbohydrateis a biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of (2:1) two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom. C6H12O6

  12. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of carbohydrates • The simplest type of carbohydrate is a simple sugar called amonosaccharide. (ie. glucose, fructose) • The largest carbohydrate molecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits. (ie. potatoes, liver)

  13. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of carbohydrates • Glucose is a quick source of energy. • Plants store their energy as starch. • Animals store their energy as glycogen (found in liver and muscle cells).

  14. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of lipids • Lipidsare large biomolecules that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. • They have 3 main functions: store energy, make cell membranes and carry chemical messages. (ie. fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, steroids) • They are insoluble in water because their molecules are not attracted by water molecules.

  15. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of proteins • A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

  16. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of proteins • Proteins are the building blocks of many structural components of organisms. (ie. components of muscle cells collagen, ligaments, and tendons)

  17. Coach: Lesson 7 The structure of proteins • Proteins form antibodies which help fight infections.

  18. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of proteins • The basic building blocks of proteins are calledamino acids. • There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of proteins.

  19. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of proteins • Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids.

  20. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids • A nucleicacid is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular genetic information in the form of a code. • Nucleic acids are polymers made of smaller subunits called nucleotides.

  21. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids • Nucleotides are arranged in threegroups—a nitrogenous base, a simple sugar, and a phosphate group. Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous base

  22. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids • DNA, which stands for deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid. Phosphate Sugar Nitrogenous base

  23. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids • The information coded in DNA contains the instructions used to form all of an organism’s enzymes and structural proteins.

  24. Coach: Lesson 7 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 The structure of nucleic acids • Another important nucleic acid is RNA, which stands for ribonucleic acid. RNA is a nucleic acid that forms a copy of DNA for use in making proteins.

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