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Patient Zero: The Origins, Risks, and Prevention of Emerging Diseases

Patient Zero: The Origins, Risks, and Prevention of Emerging Diseases. by Andrew E. Lyman-Buttler The International School of Minnesota, Eden Prairie, MN. Based on the Radiolab episode “Patient Zero” with animations from HHMI Holiday Lectures. Learning Objectives.

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Patient Zero: The Origins, Risks, and Prevention of Emerging Diseases

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  1. Patient Zero: The Origins, Risks, and Prevention of Emerging Diseases by Andrew E. Lyman-Buttler The International School of Minnesota, Eden Prairie, MN Based on the Radiolab episode “Patient Zero” with animations from HHMI Holiday Lectures

  2. Learning Objectives • Explain how the molecular clock can act as a “tape measure” of evolution. • Describe how emergent diseases can spread into human populations. • Evaluate the effects of social and cultural factors in the transmission and understanding of disease. • Explain how the molecular biology of HIV allows it to infect target cells. • Discuss the mechanisms of viral recombination, and explain its role in the emergence of new diseases. • Describe one strategy for the prevention of new pandemics. • Outline the steps of the HIV reproductive cycle.

  3. Part I – An Emerging Disease • A new and deadly disease has emerged, causing symptoms unlike anything ever seen before… • As a class, list all the possible causes of disease. • Some diseases are transmissible from person to person. List all the ways this might happen. • Epidemiologists can’t do controlled experiments on human subjects (i.e., purposefully exposing people to suspected disease-causing agents). • How can they determine the cause of a disease? • How can they figure out whether it’s transmissible? • If it is, how can they determine the mode of transmission?

  4. Play Audio 1 0:00 to 6:04 http://www.radiolab.org/2011/nov/14/aids/ An emergingpandemic…

  5. HIV reproductive cycle View the following animation (4:52) from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute that shows how HIV infects a cell and replicates itself using reverse transcriptase and the host's cellular machinery: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/hiv_life_cycle.html

  6. Play Audio 2 6:04 to 10:04 The molecular clock

  7. Part II – Spillover • How does the molecular clock allow us to determine the approximate time of origin of a virus? • What other viral infections have you heard of that can infect other animals in addition to humans? • Why do you think these viruses are so alarming to public health officials?

  8. Spillover of influenza View the following video lecture clip (1:18) on the origins of influenza virus strains. http://media.hhmi.org/hl/99Lect4.html?start=29:02&end=30:21

  9. Play Audio 3 10:04 to 15:02 Spillover of HIV

  10. Part III – Why Then? • How was the world changing in 1908? • How might these conditions be relevant to the spread of an infectious disease?

  11. Play Audio 4 15:02 to 24:20 Recombination Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 (in green) budding from cultured lymphocyte. Multiple round bumps on cell surface represent sites of assembly and budding of virions.

  12. Recombination (example based on influenza virus) View the following animation (3:05) from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute that shows how two different strains of influenza can infect a single cell to produce a new third strain of influenza: http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/disease/recombination.html

  13. Part IV – Prevention • How can non-human animals provide a pathway for new viruses to enter the human population? • Consider the emergence of a pandemic, from the first spillover event to worldwide transmission. Where are the points at which we could stop the spread of the disease? Which point would be easiest?

  14. Play Audio 5 24:20 to end Preventing the next pandemic

  15. You should now be able to: • Explain how the molecular clock can act as a “tape measure” of evolution. • Describe how emergent diseases can spread into human populations. • Evaluate the effects of social and cultural factors in the transmission and understanding of disease. • Explain how the molecular biology of HIV allows it to infect target cells. • Discuss the mechanisms of viral recombination, and explain its role in the emergence of new diseases. • Describe one strategy for the prevention of new pandemics. • Outline the steps of the HIV reproductive cycle.

  16. References/Media Credits: • Abumrad, J., and Krulwich, R. "Patient Zero: The Cell That Started a Pandemic." Radiolab. 14 November 2011. WNYC. http://www.radiolab.org/2011/nov/14/aids/ • Social network diagram (Slide 4): FMS - Sentinel Visualizer, http://www.fmsasg.com, used with permission. • Howard Hughes Medical Institute 2007 Holiday Lectures: AIDS: Evolution of an Epidemic. DVD. • Howard Hughes Medical Institute 1999 Holiday Lectures: 2000 And Beyond: Confronting the Microbe Menace. DVD. • Diagram on Slide 7 & phylogeny on Slide 10: Hillis, David. "The Unexpected Practical Applications of Evolutionary Biology." National Association of Biology Teachers Conference. Hyatt Regency Hotel, Dallas, TX. 2 November 2012. Lecture. Used with permission. • Scanning electron micrograph of HIV-1 budding (in green) from cultured lymphocyte: C. Goldsmith, CDC. http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp?pid=10000 • Africa 1908 map (Slide 11): Hemispheres Antique Maps & Prints. From Rand McNally's Indexed Atlas of the World, 1908. http://www.betzmaps.com • Slide 15 images: Global Viral Forecasting Initiative: http://globalviral.org/

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