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Exploring the Path from Absolutism to Enlightenment

Delve into the transition from Absolutism to Enlightenment in Europe, exploring key political theories, scientific advancements, and pivotal figures such as Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. Discover the impact of the Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and exploration on societal beliefs. Uncover the evolution of ideas from the geocentric to the heliocentric model of the universe, as well as the contributions of individuals like Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler. Learn about the Scientific Method and the significant scientific instruments and medical breakthroughs of the era. This period of exploration and intellectual awakening set the stage for the Age of Enlightenment in the mid-1700s, leading to a reevaluation of societal norms and beliefs.

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Exploring the Path from Absolutism to Enlightenment

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  1. Wednesday 3/23/11 • Please complete your Discoveries Chart for your Quiz on Thursday!!!

  2. Absolutism to Revolution1500-1900 C.E. What political theories guided monarchs during the Age of Absolutism and what were the eventual outcomes of such policies?

  3. Scientific Revolution What are the key people, ideas, and accomplishments of the Scientific Revolution? • Reformation prompted people to question old ideas. • Scientific Revolution-people challenged old ideas of ancient thinkers and the church.

  4. Explorers and Trade • Europeans’ explorations to the Americas, Africa, and Asia fueled need for better instruments. • Explorers discovered new groups of people, animals and plants. Recorded information and easily shared with the invention of printing press.

  5. The Ptolemaic/Aristotelian System • Geocentric Theory from Aristotle 4th century B.C.E.- the earth was the center of the universe; planets, the sun and the moon revolved around the earth Geocentric

  6. Toward a Working Model of the Universe • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Heliocentric theory – the sun was the center of the universe but he couldn’t explain why. Heliocentric

  7. Assignment • Create a chart like illustrated on the board • Using textbook pages 623-628 find ALL 18 discoveries/ideas and place them under the correct category • Include the person’s name and accomplishment fro each one

  8. Elliptical Orbits • Tycho Brahe: recorded astrological data • Johannes Kepler: studied Brahe’s data and mathematically concluded that planets revolved on orbits Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

  9. Galileo Galilei • Astronomer; built own telescope • Concluded that Copernicus’ theories were true and moon and stars had rough uneven surfaces • His findings frightened Catholic and Protestant Churches. • 1632, his book agreed with Copernicus and the Pope made him sign a confession that Copernicus’ theory was false. He did under threat. • Not until 1992 did the Catholic Church officially declare that Galileo had been right!

  10. From Science to Philosophy Francis Bacon(1561-1626) RENE DESSCATES (1596-1650)

  11. Scientific Method • Francis Bacon: Englishman- scientists should use experimentation to make conclusions • Rene Descartes: French Mathematician- relied on math and logic…everything should be doubted until proven by reason. Baconian empiricism and induction +Cartesian rationalism and deduction = The modern scientific method

  12. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)

  13. Isaac Newton, English Scientist • Law of Universal Gravitation • Every object in the universe attracts every other object-the degree of attraction depends on the object’s mass and the distance between the two objects

  14. Scientific Instruments • Zacharias Janssen-invented microscope • Anton van Leewenhoek-observed bacteria swimming in tooth scrapings and red blood cells. • Evangelista Torricelli- invented barometer • Gabriel Fahrenheit- invented thermometer that showed freezing water at 32 degrees • Anders Celsius- invented thermometer scale showing water freezing at 0 degrees.

  15. Medicine and Human Body • Galen-ancient Greek Physician; never dissected the human body, rather pigs • Andres Vasalius- dissected human corpses and published book of drawings of organs, muscles and bones. • Edward Jenner- late 1700’s created vaccine for smallpox • Rembrandt, 1632 Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp

  16. Chemistry • Robert Boyle-contradicted Aristotle's view that earth was made up of four elements: earth, wind, water and fire. • Boyle proposed earth was made of smaller primary particles that joined together. • Boyle’s Law- how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other.

  17. Scientific Revolution to Enlightenment The Scientific Revolution prompted scholars and philosophers to reevaluate old social ideas. In their search of the underlying beliefs regarding government, religion, economics and education, they spurred the European Enlightenment (Age of Reason) in the mid-1700’s.

  18. Answer 1-7 and Turn in. • Describe the Medieval way of thinking? • What is the Scientific Revolution? • What is the heliocentric theory? Who was involved in this idea? • Why did Galileo have conflict with the church? • What is the scientific method? • How did Bacon and Descartes help the scientific theory? • What did Newton discover?

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