Plant Life Cycle and Classification: Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms

1. PLANTS reviewChapters 29, 30, 38Bryophytes & Pteridophytes Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Angiosperm Reproduction

2. One of the four main types of land plants that contains mosses and lacks vascular tissue BRYOPHYTES Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte gametophyte

3. One of the four main types of land plants that contains ferns and has vascular tissue Pteridophytes Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte sporophyte

4. One of the four main types of land plants that contains flowering plants and possess vascular tissue Angiosperms Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte sporophyte

5. One of the four main types of land plants that contains the conifers, have “naked” seeds, and vascular tissue Gymnosperms Which is the dominant stage in the life cycle of this group? sporophyte gametophyte sporophyte

6. The mutualistic association of plant roots and fungi mycorrhizae 90% of all plant species today are in which group? Angiosperms(flowering plants)

7. Evidence suggests that land plants evolved from which group of protists 500 million years ago? Green algae (Charophytes)

8. What evidence suggests that land plants evolved from green algae 500 million years ago? • Both produce cellulose for cell walls • in same unique way • Both only groups with peroxisomes (to reduce effects of photorespiration) • Similar sperm structure • Make cell plates during mitosis is similar way • Nuclear and chloroplast DNA closely related

9. xylem or phloem If a plant is “nonvascular” it means it doesn’t have _____________ The female gametangia in plantsis called the __________ archegonia antheridia archegonia

10. All land plants have a life cycle that consists of two multicellular stage called ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS Another key feature of plants isthe production of gametes inmulticellular organs called gametangia

11. haploid The gametophyte stage is__________ haploid diploid The male gametangia in plantsis called the __________ archegonia antheridia antheridia

12. diploid The zygote produced by fusion of sperm and egg is ________haploid diploid What advantages did becomingterrestrial provide plants? Increased sunlight (unfiltered by water) More carbon dioxide in air than watersoils rich in nutrientsfewer predators

13. diploid The sporophyte stage is__________ haploid diploid What challenges did plants facewhen they became terrestrial? Lack of water, dessication, lack of structural support against gravity

14. meiosis The sporophyte divides using_________to produce spores. mitosis meiosis The antheridia in the gametophyte produces____________ Multiple sperm

15. mitosis The gametophyte divides using_________to produce gametes. mitosis meiosis The archegonia in a gametophyteproduces _____________ a single egg

16. Which plant group requires water for their sperm to swim to the egg? All seedless plantsBryophytes & Pteridophytes Structures in the sporophytestage where meiosis occurs to produce spores sporangia

17. haploid Spores produced by plants are____________ haploid diploid The megasporagium, megaspore,and protective tissue around themmake an _________ ovule

18. What are the 5 crucial adaptations that led to the success of seed plants? • Reduced gametophytes • (protects antheridia/archegonia) • Heterospory (2 types of spores) • Ovules (protect egg/developing zygote) • Pollen (no need for water) • Seeds

19. Female gametophytes Megaspores produce______________ The production of TWO types ofspores seen in seed plantsis called ___________ heterospory

20. male gametophytes Microspores produce______________ A pollen grain contains____________ 2 sperm nuclei

21. 3 stigma 7 stamen Carpel 4 1 Anther style Identify the following flower parts 5 filament ovary 2 6 10 petal 8 sepal 9 ovule

22. In angiosperms and gymnospermsa male gametopyte = a _______ Pollen grain What advantages do seeds havecompared to spores? Seeds are multicellular with several layers of tissue protecting embryo Seeds have supply of stored energy so embryo can wait for good germination conditions and use stored energy for early growth

23. Gymnosperms Plants with “naked” seeds arecalled __________ In a flowering plant the mature ovaries are called _________ fruits

24. Angiosperm that has onecotyledon in the seed, parallel leaf veination, scattered vascular tissue and flowering parts in multiples of threes monocot Give an example of the above Corn, orchids, lilies, grasses

25. Angiosperm that has twocotyledon in the seed, net leaf veination, vascular tissue in a ring and flowering parts in multiples of fours or fives Eudicot (dicot) Give an example of the above Roses, peas, beans, oaks

26. ANTHOPHYTA Flowering plants are classifiedin the PHYLUM ______________ The stamens with anthers are the _________ part of a flower. male female male

27. carpel The ________ in a flower ismade up of the stigma, style, and ovary. haploid Plant pollen is _________ haploid diploid

28. cones Gymnosperms have seeds oftenexposed on modified leavescalled _________ The carpel including the stigma and style is the_________ part of a flower. male female female

29. CONTRAST MONOCOTS & DICOTS two one parallel net Multiples of 4’s & 5’s Multiples of 3’s scattered In ring Corn, orchids, lilies, grasses Peas, beans, roses,oaks

30. Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts belong in which group of plants? Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) As plants evolved from algae toangiosperms which generationincreases in dominance? sporophyte

31. monoecious Most angiosperms are_____________ meaning theyhave both male and female parts on the same flower. Ferns, horsetails, club mosses belong in which group of plants? Pterophytes

32. Ginko, cycads, Ephedra, and conifersbelong in which group of plants? Gymnosperms Plants with male and femaleflowers on separate plants arecalled _____________ dioecious

33. Flowering plants belong in whichgroup of plants? Angiosperms How do monoecious plants preventself pollination? Male and female parts may be physically separated (anthers/stigmaat different heights) or mature atdifferent times.

34. Double fertilization is only seenin which group of plants? Angiosperms Seed leaves are called_____________ cotyledons

35. Mosses Ferns Ginko, conifers Flowering plants CONTRAST PLANT REPRODUCTION gametophyte sporophyte(tree) sporophyte sporophyte gametophyte(small) gametophyte(pollen/ovule) gametophyte(pollen, ovary) sporophyte Requireswater to swim Requireswater to swim Wind, insectscarry pollen Wind, animalscarry pollen Sporophyte grows out offemale archegonium of gametophyte; receives nourishment; independent atmaturity Gametophytereduced in size; relies onsporophyte for protectionand nourishment Sporophytegrows on topof & providednourishmentby femalegametophyte Gametophyte reduced in size;relies onsporophyte for protectionand nourishment

36. Many angiosperms and theirpollinators show which pattern of evolution? coevolution 3 Endosperm is __ n

37. Match the derived characters with the correct branch points in the diagram Flowers Embryos Seeds Vascular tissue embryos 7. _______________________ 8. _______________________ 9. ________________________ 10. _______________________ Vascular tissue seeds flowers From:Campbell and Reece Chap 30 Self quiz

38. Flowers that have both maleand female parts are called____________ monoecious Tell what happens to the 2 spermnuclei in double fertilization One sperm fertilizes the egg and becomes the embryo; the 2nd sperm nuclei fertilizes 2 polar bodies and becomes the endosperm

39. Plants that produce flowers that have either male or female parts, but not both are called _____________ dioecious fruits Mature ovaries = __________

40. meiosis In angiospermsdiploid cells in pollen sacs(microsporangia) undergo ________ to make haploid microspores mitosis meiosis In angiosperm reproduction, themale gametophyte = _________ Pollen grain

41. In an angiosperm seed the embryonic root is called the__________ radicle In angiosperm reproduction,seeds grow into __________ gametophytes sporophytes sporophytes

42. microspores In angiospermsdiploid cells in pollen sacs(microsporangia) undergo meiosis to make haploid _________________ In angiosperm reproduction, thefemale gametophyte = _________ Embryo sac

43. megaspores In angiospermsdiploid cells in ovules undergo meiosis to make 4 haploid _________________ In angiosperms, the ovule developsinto the _______ and the ovarydevelops into the __________ seed fruit

44. The transfer of pollen from theanther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant is called _____________ pollination The shoot tip with miniatureleaves attached inside a seed is called the _________ epicotyl

45. Tell some mechanisms that prevent plants from self pollinating Dioecious flowers- pollen making and egg making flowers are on separate plants Monoecious flowers- male and female parts are physically separated by height or mature at different times Molecular barriers-biochemical block prevents pollen from same plant from developing pollen tube and fertilizing own egg