A Coherent UK Accelerator Vision Swapan Chattopadhyay and Mike Poole (with contributions from Roger Barlow)

1. A Coherent UK Accelerator Vision SwapanChattopadhyay and Mike Poole (with contributions from Roger Barlow) Presentation toSTFC/UK Accelerator Strategy Workshop June 2, 2009 Swindon, UK

2. OUTLINE Proposed Mission: Deliverables The Model: Stakeholders and Leveraging Coordinated National Stewardship Research Focus: Current and Beyond Skills Base and its Evolution Knowledge Base, Special Technologies, Test Facilities “Applications”: Energy, Environment, Health, Security  An “Optioneering Study” Priorities Conclusion

3. Innovative and generic R&D at the frontier of accelerator science; Project-specific R&D in accelerators as instruments of science; Leadership and management of national deliverables to international facilities and projects; Competence in critical and special “transformational” technologies; Addressing critical national and global issues in Energy, Health, Environment, Security and exchange of knowledge with Industry; Staff complement of internationally acknowledged expertise; Seamless involvement of the Universities, National Facilities and Research Councils ; Education and training to ensure a healthy next generation of scientists and engineers. PROPOSED MISSION: DELIVERABLES

4. Model of an Integrated Accelerator Communityand Stakeholders

5. Stakeholders and Leveraging + Responsive Mode Project funding = FTE + Equipment (including EPSRC, BBSRC, MRC, EU, Industry) Core Funding Academic University Staff Effort (Faculty + PDRAs + Students) UK Accelerator Enterprise Industry Laboratories/Infrastructure (STFC + Universities) Direct Staff Effort (RAL and DL)

6. Coordinated National Stewardship ADVISORY BOARDS ASTAB, PPAN, PALS,… ACADEMIC HEI Partners Vice-Chancellors 1, 2, 3,… UK RESEARCH Councils CEOs: STFC, EPSRC, BBSRC, MRC,.. ECONOMY/INDUSTRY Chief Technology/Scientific Officers: Co. 1, Co. 2, Co.3,… EMINENT SCIENTISTS Prof. 1, Dr. 2,….

7. Current UK Involvement vs. OpportunitiesInternational leadership: LHC (Construction, Operation, Experiments, Upgrades, LHeC) Linear Colliders (GDE level-2 and -3) and MICE/Neutrino Factory FFAG (EMMA), ALICE and ADSR Laser-plasma (?): Stiff competition from USA,EU

8. Research Focus: Current The UK’s major accelerator contributions to date in national and international projects and advanced R&D have been focused on: High energy particle physics facilities (e.g. ILC, MICE for Muon Cooling and Neutrino Factory, Super-B); Fourth generation photon sources (e.g. FLASH, DIAMOND, NLS); Neutron Sources (e.g. ISIS and its upgrades); Prototyping novel concepts and technologies (e.g. SCRF and Energy Recovery in ALICE, electron FFAG in EMMA, Laser-plasma studies at RAL, Imperial, Oxford, Strathclyde, Queens Univ. Belfast) and fundamental Mathematical/Computational Beam Physics; Emerging roles in LHC (including upgrades and LHeC), CLIC, Anti-matter research, Neutrino Factory/Muon Collider, Compact High-frequency Linacs and Meta-materials for particle acceleration.

9. Possible Research Focus: Future The UK aspirations for the future might include: Extending our linear collider expertise to multiple TeV-scale linear colliders such as CLIC or other X-band options; continuing development of novel photon sources/FELs; Contributing to the exploitation of LHC and its upgrades (SPL, PS-2 and SLHC) including a novel electron-proton collider (LHeC) being spearheaded by UK scientists; Expand our work to facilities serving nuclear sciences (e.g. HIE-ISOLDE, EURISOL and FAIR); Expand blue-sky research in Laser-Beam-Plasma, Photonic Band-gap and Meta-material studies; Increase our core competency in high current proton beams for applications in neutron sources, intense neutrino beams, particle beam cancer therapy, and in energy and environmental technologies e.g. Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors (ADSR).

10. UK Skills Base: Current

11. Envisioned Evolution of Effort and Skills Base Driven by Science and “Applications”

12. Strategic Knowledge Base • Research Infrastructure Intellectual Experience Leadership Technology Test Facilities • R&D Programmes • Design Studies

13. Role of Central Laboratories • International context • Collaborations • Reputation • National • Interdisciplinary • Academic complementarity • ASTeC/ISIS/CLF • Unique resource • Skills • Track record

14. Strategic Objectives - DL and RAL • Nurture sustainable skill base • Master and deliver modern technology base • Undertake state-of-art facility Design Studies • Exploit advanced Test Facilities • Build (and lead some) collaborations and partnerships • Exploit Knowledge Exchange opportunities

15. Core Science and Technology Features • Fundamental skills – new challenges • Beam dynamics expertise – physics, codes, etc • Magnetics, RF, cryogenics, laser optics, diagnostics and vacuum science programmes • Ancillary expertise - power supplies, controls, …. • Laboratory and test area infrastructure • National and international collaborations

16. Test Facility - ALICE/EMMA • Major milestones achieved • Scope and role has evolved into generic test bed • Ownership transferred to ASTeC April 2009 • Exciting challenges ahead • Essential for EMMA • Significant funding commitment needed

17. EMMA GOAL: demonstrate that a non-scaling Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (ns-FFAG) synchrotron works in a compact cost-effective scaled electron-ring model; STATUS: construction well under way; commissioning due to start November 2009; COMPLETION: full characterization and concept validation by March 2011 (end of funded project); NEXT STEPS: EMMA+ A Research Machine Unique in the World  UK : A small but important presence on the world scene  Continuing asset for a no. of years: in demand for research  Need to secure modest Operating Costs

18. Beyond electrons and EMMA A MUON ACCELERATOR HIGH CURRENT PROTON SOURCES FOR NEUTRONS HADRON THERAPY(?): PAMELA project 250 MeV protons and 400 MeV/u Ions in a compact flexible energy, ion species and pulse format ACCELERATOR DRIVEN SUBCRITICAL REACTORS (ADSR) 30 mA at 1 GeV Spallation neutrons for Thorium reactors for power or waste transmutation or both A non-relativistic nsFFAG has many potential applications

19. 1: LOKI 2: FREA 3: THOR Thorium ADSR ~£B. Many years. Construction by power companies. 1 GeV with a second nsFFAG, with RCS and Linac as backup options. Use with a real target and nuclear core for power production. Also Transmutation studies. FFAG Research for the Energy Amplifier ~ £100 M 4-5 years Boost energy to 300+ MeV with a proton nsFFAG – with a Cyclotron or a linac (Superconducting or Normal-conducting) as fallback. The Low-key Demonstrator ~ £10 M 2-3 Years 35 MeV H- system; High current. (1 - 10 mA). Reliable and Robust Proton Front End. Simulations, Material Studies and Cross- Section measurements at CERN.

20. International Context of ADSR and ATW • Thorium Nuclear Chemistry and conventional but advanced reactors being studied extensively for the past three decades in India, China and Brazil; • ADSR being studied in Japan, Italy, France; • ATW (Artificial Transmutation of Waste) has been studied extensively in USA and Italy in the past; • Both ADSR and ATW developments are watched by the IAEA. RECOMMENDATION: UK performs a serious international assessment and peer review to assess the fastest and most efficient path forward to make a real difference in the energy sector via accelerators if it is serious.

21. Proposed Optioneering Study for “Applications”

22. Test Facility - High Power Proton Accelerator • Front End Test Stand in progress at RAL • Significant HEI role • Multiple stakeholders and funding sources • Strategic aims need reassessment • Parallel high power target studies

23. Test Facility: Laser-Plasma Acceleration • Demonstration experiments at: CLF/RAL: Petawatt laser-driven acceleration Strathclyde: Plasma-based FEL QUB : Proton generation from plasma ALICE: Laser-manipulation of beams • Pushing the frontier in laboratory-scale experiments at Imperial College and Oxford University; • Attractive blue skies potential – how to scale ?

24. International Context: Laser-Plasma • MAJOR INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION MPQ: Ultra-fast sciences, radiation source, 10 GeV acceleration; LBNL-l’OASIS ($30M recent ‘Obama’ investment): petawatt laser, 10 GeV module, Radiation Source; SLAC-FACET ($50M recent ‘Obama’ investment): energy doubler by beam-driven plasma acceleration. • RECOMMENDATION A major international peer review of UK laser-plasma program to assess complementarity and competition, and required consolidation and judicious investment, since funding is scarce relative to USA and Germany.

25. Superconducting RF Systems • Essential modern accelerator technology NLS XFEL ESS LC NF HIE-ISOLDE energy medical isotopes • R&D priority • ALICE experience has been valuable • Development programmes initiated • Major infrastructure investment need • Daresbury investment plan formulated

26. Electron Gun Development • UK laser driven photo-gun activities initiated • ALICE gun and upgrades give vital experience • Superconducting option to be studied • Photocathode R&D programme in place • New gun test facility proposed at Daresbury • Vital for NLS (DLS collaboration)

27. Personal Opinions on UK Priorities to Remain as a Top-ranking Player Internationally • Establish strong engagement with CERN •  LHC (upgrades and LHeC), CLIC, Antiprotons • Engagement with at least one or more large international accelerator projects on the horizon (£1B-class) •  Linear Collider, Neutrino Factory, FAIR, ESS, Super-B,… • Engagement with a future large national accelerator project •  Next Light Source (NLS), 3-8 GeV High Current Proton • Synchrotron, Linac or FFAG for Neutrons or Energy applications • Advance the emerging globally competitive UK innovations and concepts: laser-beam-plasma, FFAG, Meta-materials, compact linacs via university-based R&D and access to local test facilities •  ALICE, EMMA, CLF, ALPHA-X, SCRF and laboratory-scale laser facilities • Access to test facilities globally •  CTF3 at CERN, ATF at KEK, CESR-TA at Cornell • Esteemed staff in national and international committees and collaboration with national and international laboratories and industry

28. CONCLUSION • The UK accelerator enterprise offers a unique paradigm combining academic depth, national laboratory breadth, engineering integration and industrial perspectives; • Contributing to national and international projects is vital to retaining the skills base and preserving expertise: needs “real” projects and international partnerships • Advancing the frontier of accelerator science and technology gives us the critical competitive edge globally – needs significant R&D resource levels; • Benefiting science and society at large is expected by our stakeholders. Our highest priority is to preserve and enhance the established UK momentum, the world-class staff and the resource base (professional staff and faculty, PDRAs, students, laboratories, equipment and support staff) to enable all of the above: needs long-term in-house national commitment.