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Kinetic Particle Theory

Kinetic Particle Theory. Learning Outcomes. At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved. States of Matter.

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Kinetic Particle Theory

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  1. Kinetic Particle Theory

  2. Learning Outcomes • At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: • describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved

  3. States of Matter • Matter can exist as a solid, a liquid or a gas. • Kinetic particle theory states that • all matter is made up of tiny particles and • that these particles are in constant random motion.

  4. Comparing the 3 states

  5. Comparing the 3 states

  6. Comparing the 3 states

  7. Changes in States of Matter • The physical state of a substance depends on the temperature and pressure of the surroundings. • For example • At room temperature (25 oC), water is in the liquid state. • At -10 oC, water is in the solid state.

  8. Changes in State • Heat is a form of energy. • When matter is heated, the particles absorb energy. • When matter is cooled, the particles lose energy. • the heat taken in or given out causes the kinetic energy of the particles to change. • Hence, the substance changes it state.

  9. Changes in States of Matter condense melt boil condense freeze sublime

  10. Changes in States of Matter

  11. Changes in States of Matter • What happens during melting • particles gain energy, • particles vibrate faster, • particles overcome attractive forces between them, • particles break away from their fixed positions

  12. Changes in States of Matter • What happens during boiling • particles gain kinetic energy, • particles move faster, • particles overcome forces holding them together, • particles spread far apart, • particles move rapidly in all directions

  13. Changes in States of Matter • What happens during freezing • particles lose kinetic energy, • particles move more slowly until they no longer have enough energy to move about freely, • particles settle into fixed position

  14. Changes in States of Matter • What happens during condensation • particles lose energy, • particles move more slowly, • becomes a liquid

  15. Sublimation • Particles at the surface of the solid have enough energy to break away from the solid and escape as a gas

  16. Changes in States of Matter

  17. Wake Up Call 1 • When water vapour condenses to water, the particles in the vapour Agains energy. B decrease in density C move closer to each other D mover further apart from each other. Answer: C

  18. Wake Up Call 1 • Three substances have the following properties: X: melts at -180 oC and boils at -167 oC Y: has shiny crystalline surface at r.t.p Z: can flow and take the shape of container at rtp; has boiling point of 160 oC What is the state of each substance at room temperature and pressure? Answer: A

  19. Wake Up Call 1 3 (a) For the following substances state the physical state (solid, liquid or gaseous) they are in at a temperature of 1500 oC.

  20. Wake Up Call 1 • Hence draw and describe the arrangement and movement of particles of copper, calcium and iron at the temperature of 1000 oC. • (i) Copper • Arrangement: • closely packed in orderly manner • Movement: • cannot move, vibrates and rotates about their fixed position • (ii) Calcium • Arrangement • closely packed in random order • Movement • free to move within the liquid, vibrates and slides over one another

  21. Temperature Changes • When matter is heated energy causes temperature to increase. • Temperature stops increasing at melting / boiling points. • Particles absorb the heat energy to vibrate faster and move further apart. • Matter changes state. Figure showing the heating curve of water

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