Republic Dictator Consuls Veto Praetors Censors Tribunes Patricians Plebeians

1. Chapter 7.1 Terms: Write these down on a piece of paper. I will collect them on the day of the test. We will add more terms each day Republic Dictator Consuls Veto Praetors Censors Tribunes Patricians Plebeians Twelve Tablets Checks and Balances

2. Geography 1) Northern Italy is protected from European attacks by the Alps. 2) Southern boot of Italy dips into the Mediterranean Sea. 3) Adriatic Sea lies East of Italy. 4) Apennine Mountains run north-south throughout the entire country. Low mountains do not hinder trade. *Geography was conducive to farming, fishing, and sea trade.

3. Geographic Disadvantages • Valleys in Alps allow passage to the rest of Europe=able to be attacked from the North. • Large coastline is difficult to defend .

4. Geography of Rome • Rome is built on 7 hills along the Tiber River, 15 miles inland from the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. • This location protected Rome from outside attacks by sea and land. • Rome lied along a shallow part of the Tiber River where its easy to cross=promoted trade. • River supplies drinking water and transportation.

5. Foundation of Rome • According to legend, Rome was founded by twin brother Romulus and Remus who were raised by wolves. • The brothers fought each other for control of their new town. • Romulus killed Remus and named the new town “Rome.”

6. Latin, Etruscan and Greek Influence • The Latins moved into west-central Italy in mid 700 B.C. and built villages along the Tiber River. • In late 600 B.C. the Etruscans from Northern Italy took over the Latins and united the villages into one large city called Rome. • The Etruscans were an advanced civilization: written language; made jewelry, fine clothing, metal, pottery, and wood; paved roads; drained marshes; constructed sewers. • Greeks settled into Southern Italy and the island of Sicily forming city-states. • Romans adopted much of the Greek culture: government and religion. For example, the Romans used the Greeks religion and myths but changed the names of the Gods: Zeus=Jupiter.

7. Roman Republic • Republic=form of government in which voters elect officials to run the state. • In the Roman Republic only adult male citizens were entitled to vote and take part in government. • Is the United States a Republic?

8. 3 Main Government Groups: Use pages 151-153

9. Include the following government positions into your chart What government group and function did the following positions hold: Consuls Praetors Censors Dictator Tribunes

10. Checks and Balances

11. The Conflict of Orders • Rome was divided into 2 classes of people: Patricians and Plebeians. • Patricians: landowning nobles who controlled the government. • Plebeians: Farmers and workers. Originally, the Plebeians had very few rights. They could vote, but they could not hold public office. • Future Plebian Rights: Plebeians increased their rights by holding strikes. They gained the right to join the army, hold government office, form their own assembly, and elect tribunes. • Forced the Patricians to right the Roman laws down and show them in public=12 Tables

12. Roman Army • Every adult male citizen who owned land was required to serve in the Roman army. • Roman Legion=4500-6000 citizens (legionnaires). • Auxilia=legions consisting of noncitizens.

13. Noncitizens and Conquered People • Rome granted full citizenship to the inhabitants of nearby Italian cities. • Partial citizenship granted to inhabitants of more distant cities (Ex: Greek city-states) • Partial Citizens=could own property and marry, but could not vote or hold office. • Conquered People=1. People were allowed to remain independent, but they had to supply Rome with soldiers for the Roman army. 2. People had to provide land for Roman farmers.

14. Patricians vs. Plebeians 1. Read page 153 “The Conflict of Orders” 2. What is the difference between a patrician and a Plebian? 3. How did Plebeians gain more rights in the Roman Republic? 4. What rights did the Plebeians gain?