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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Third Edition

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Third Edition. Introduction to Linux. The Linux Operating System. OS used to run a variety of applications on a variety of different hardware components Multiuser and multitasking OS Has the ability to manage thousands of tasks at the same time

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Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Third Edition

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  1. Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Third Edition Introduction to Linux

  2. The Linux Operating System • OS used to run a variety of applications on a variety of different hardware components • Multiuser and multitasking OS • Has the ability to manage thousands of tasks at the same time • Allows multiple users to access the system simultaneously Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  3. Operating Systems Figure 1-2: A Linux graphical user interface Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  4. Versions of the Linux Operating System • Core component is called the Linux kernel • Written almost entirely in the C programming language • Software can be used to modify appearance of Linux, but the kernel is common to all Linux • Important to understand Linux kernel version numbers to decide which version is appropriate for user needs • Good understanding of system hardware is important in deciding which kernel version to use Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  5. Licensing Linux • Open Source Software (OSS): programs distributed and licensed so that the source code is available, free of charge, to anyone who wants to examine, utilize, or improve upon it • Format and structure of source code follows rules defined by the programming language in which it was written Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  6. Licensing Linux (continued) Table 1-2: Software types Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  7. Types of Open Source Licenses • GNU Public License (GPL): • Stipulates that the source code of any software published under its license must be freely available • Users who modify the source code must also redistribute the modified code freely • Artistic license: OSS license allowing source code to be distributed freely, changed only at discretion of original author Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  8. Types of Closed Source Licenses • Most closed source software is sold commercially • Usually bears label of manufacturer, such as Microsoft or Electronic Arts software • Freeware: distributed free of charge; source code is not available • Shareware: initially free, but requires payment after a period of time or for use of certain features Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  9. Linux Advantages: Risk Reduction • Changes in the market or customer needs may cause companies to change software frequently • Can be costly and time-consuming • Support for closed source software may end • Vendor may go out of business • Software version may be retired • OSS products offer the opportunity to maintain and change the source code Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  10. Linux Advantages:Meeting Business Needs • Common software available for Linux includes: • Scientific and engineering software • Software emulators • Web servers, Web browsers, and e-commerce suites • Desktop productivity software • Graphics manipulation software • Database software • Security software Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  11. Linux Advantages:Stability and Security • Customers using a closed source OS must rely on the OS vendor to fix any bugs • Waiting for a hot fix may take weeks or months • Bugs and security loopholes in OSS programs can be identified and fixed quickly • Code is freely available and scrutinized by many developers Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  12. Linux Advantages: Flexibility for Different Hardware Platforms • Partial list of hardware platforms on which Linux can run: • Can be customized to work on mobile and embedded devices Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  13. Linux Advantages:Ease of Customization • Ability to control the inner workings of the OS • To use Linux as an Internet Web server, compile the kernel to include only the support needed to be an Internet Web server • Results in a much smaller and faster kernel • Can choose to install only software packages needed to perform required tasks • Can use shell and PERL scripts to customize or automate tasks Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  14. Linux Advantages: Ease of Obtaining Support • Linux documentation can be found on the Internet • Frequently asked questions (FAQs) • HOWTO documents • Linux newsgroups • Linux User Group (LUG): Open forum of Linux users who discuss and assist each other in using and modifying the Linux OS Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  15. Linux Advantages: Cost Reduction Table 1-3:Calculating the total cost of ownership Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  16. The History of Linux Figure 1-4: Timeline of UNIX and Linux development Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  17. UNIX • Evolved from Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (MULTICS) • The first true multitasking, multiuser OS • Written in the C programming language • Portable OS • OS from which Linux originated Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  18. UNIX (continued) • Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) • Version of the original UNIX source code • Common flavors of UNIX today include: • Sun Microsystems’s Solaris UNIX • Hewlett-Packard’s HP-UX • IBM’s AIX UNIX Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  19. Linux • First developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 • Published under the GNU license • Linux kernel developed collaboratively and centrally managed • Hackers developed Linux add-on packages and distributions • Linux is simply a by-product of OSS development Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  20. Linux Distributions • Distribution: a collection of software containing the Linux kernel and libraries, combined with add-on software specific to a certain use. • Red Hat and SuSE • Distributions may appear different on the surface, but run the same kernel • Most distributions include a GUI that can be further customized to suit the needs of the user • Core component of this GUI is X Windows Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  21. Linux Distributions (continued) • GUI environment: X Windows in combination with a window manager and desktop environment – affects the look and feel of the Linux GUI • Two competing GUI environments in Linux: • GNU Object Model Environment (GNOME) • K Desktop Environment (KDE) • Some Linux distributions include specific language support Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  22. Linux Distributions (continued) Figure 1-5: The GNOME Desktop Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  23. Linux Distributions (continued) Table 1-4:Common Linux distributions Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  24. Linux Distributions (continued) Table 1-4 (continued): Common Linux distributions Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  25. Common Uses of Linux • May be customized to provide services for a variety of companies in a variety of situations • Workstation services: services used on a local computer • Server services: services made available for other computers across a network Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  26. File and Print Servers • Linux is well-suited for centrally sharing resources • More economical to share files and printers over a network • Inherently fast and light • A distribution specific to a certain task can be installed on the central server • Can share resources with a computer running another OS Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  27. Supercomputers • Clustering: combining several smaller computers to act as one large supercomputer • Beowulf clustering: most common Linux method of clustering • Scalability: the ability for a computer to increase workload as the number of processors increases • Clustering computers often results in better scalability than adding processors to a single computer Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  28. Installing Linux: Preparing for Installation Table 2-1 Fedora 13 hardware requirements Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  29. Table 2-2 Sample preinstallation checklist Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  30. Table 2-5: Common Linux filesystems and sizes Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

  31. Basic Shell Commands Table 2-7: Some common Linux commands Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 3e

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