Ch. 13 15th century = 1400’s

Ch. 1315th century = 1400’s • This is a very important chapter as it give us one last glimpse of the world BEFORE European exploration of the seas begins. • This is the last thing to remember before starting the next unit: • 1450 - 1750 • In this next unit (1450 - 1750) European countries will gain control of the Americas, parts of Asia and coastal Africa.

Mesoamerica600 - 1450 Olmec • Olmec - collapsed by 100 C.E. • 600 - 900 = classical era • Maya • people of Teotihuacan • 900 - 1520’s = post classical era • Toltecs 900 - 1100 • Aztecs • capital city - Tenochtitlan Maya Toltec 2

The Americas Mesoamerica Mayan city states 250 - 900 Toltecs 900 - 1200 Aztec Empire 1200’s - 1500’s Tenochtitlan Andean South America Inca Empire 1200’s - 1500’s

Maya Government: Each city-state had its own king. Mayan calendar used by Aztec stelae - memorial pillars for leaders or for special ceremonies Performed human sacrifices to appease their gods. Humans sacrificed were prisoners of war, defeated elites. Commoners used for the labor force. Bloodletting pleased the gods, so sacrifice victims were often lacerated before being decapitated in order to produce more blood.

Continuity and Change from classical to post-classical era: • Continuity: • All civilizations had similar religious beliefs and practices, architecture, urban planning and social organization. • Changes: • Population density increased, cities became larger = Toltec and Aztec. • Agriculture intensified in order to sustain the larger population. • Warfare intensified, becoming more frequent and involving more people as competition for land increased. • Centralized, stronger governments maintained larger armies.

Teotihuacan city population reached 200,000 had much more extensive trade and many more professional merchants than Maya civilization. Toltecs Quetzalcoatl = “feathered serpent” capital city = Tula much larger military than earlier civilizations Topiltzin = famous ruler, associated with the god Quetzalcoatl - legend says he was forced into exile but he promised to return some day - legend is picked up by the Aztec who anticipated his return. Why is this legend important?

Tenochtitlan = capital city Aztecs population = 200, 000 to 400,000 people Ruling aristocrats selected Aztec ruler who was considered semi-divine. Priests performed the ritual of human sacrifice. The Aztecs developed a warrior culture. They were always conquering their neighbors. Was this a good or bad idea? Why? chinampas = floating gardens 7

How else did they sustain the huge population of Tenochtitlan? • Tribute system = Imposed on conquered peoples, who contributed maize, beans and other foods to support Tenochtitlan.

Aztec Government a military aristocracy formed the ruling group of the Aztec government. • semi-divine king = selected by election from among the male members of the ruling family • priests • king’s officials = earned positions through heroic military leadership and conquest • warriors = had proven themselves in battle by taking at least 4 prisoners for sacrifice

Aztec Government One emperor who was treated as a god. Montezuma II becomes emperor in 1502 Which ruler seemed to be more powerful: Mayan or Aztec? Why? Which government seemed to have been more centralized Mayan or Aztec? Why?

Inca ruler: Considered a deity descended from he sun. Imposed one language - Quechua Controlled the economy - Inca socialism Demanded a labor tribute from all males - mita Inca Empire Environment: Easier or harder than Aztec environment for development? quipu What’s more important: the development of a writing or mathematic system? Why?

Waru Waru Agriculture Waru waru - an agricultural technique used in the Andes before the Incas. Combines raised beds and an irrigation system to prevent soil erosion. Adopted by the Incas. Hillside terracing.

Inca Social Classes: • Same as Aztec EXCEPT: no merchant class because “trade” was controlled by the government - known as “Inca socialism”

Comparing the Aztec and Inca civilizations.Decide if the evidence supports similarities or differences.But also, support a counterargument - try:to an extentto a degreeConsider the following categories:

Aztecs and Incas: • Time and Place (E & E of EESPRITE) • Geography - which was more isolated? What challenges did they both faith? How may have the geographic challenges impacted political developments? • Political developments • Religious beliefs. Include how religious beliefs influenced the government? • Economic system - • Social System - • Reason for their collapse -

Back to. . . Asia What 5 things are going on in this map?

Ming Empire reclaims China1368 - 1644 Zheng He voyages How did the Ming Empire come to power? How did they rule China? Mingware

Expeditions of Zheng He According to Jin Wu, oceanic scientist studying the expeditions of Zheng He, Zheng He's ships, Professor Wu explained, were impressive examples of naval engineering. His so-called treasure ships (which brought back to China such things a giraffes from Africa) were 400 feet long. Columbus's flagship the St. Maria, in contrast, was but 85 feet in length. Zheng He's treasure ships, Professor Wu mentioned, displaced no less than 10,000 tons and had an aspect ratio (width:length) of 0.254; in other words, they were wide and bulky—"the supertankers of their day." Aside from the treasure ships, Zheng He's fleet also contained a variety of other, specialized vessels: "equine ships" (for carrying horses), warships, supply ships, and water tankers. Source: http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=10387

Europe in the 1400’s 1. Is Europe centralized under one political state? 2. What European states are unified enough to send out explorers in their name? 3. What European states are not unified? 4. Why did Europeans continue exploration of the seas while China did not? (p 583 - 584)

Islamic states in the 1400’s Locate on the map. Include years each ruled. 1. Ottoman Empire 2. Songhay Empire 3. Safavid Empire 4. Mughal Empire 5. Malacca EESPRIITE each.

Ch. 13 15th century = 1400’s