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Chapter15

Chapter15. The Atmosphere. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere. Atmosphere A mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth Composition Contains gases, solids, and liquids Solids Dust, ash, salt, and smoke Liquid Water. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere. Atmosphere Composition Gas

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Chapter15

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  1. Chapter15 The Atmosphere

  2. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Atmosphere • A mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth • Composition • Contains gases, solids, and liquids • Solids • Dust, ash, salt, and smoke • Liquid • Water

  3. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Atmosphere • Composition • Gas • Nitrogen • 78% • Released from volcanoes and decaying organisms • Oxygen • 21% • Produced by plants and used by animals • Other 1% • Argon • Carbon Dioxide • Water Vapor

  4. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Pressure • Air Pressure • Measure of force with which the air pushes on surfaces • Will decrease with Altitude • The height of an object above the Earth’s surface

  5. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Temperature • Changes as you increase altitude • Results from the way solar energy is absorbed • Different layers have different gases that absorb energy

  6. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Troposphere • Lies next to the Earth’s surface • Lowest and densest layer • Contains 90% of the atmosphere’s mass • Contains all the Earth’s carbon dioxide, water vapor, pollution, and life-forms

  7. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Stratosphere • Layer above the troposphere • Air is thin and contains little moisture • Extremely cold at base but temp rises as you go up • Contains OzoneLayer • Absorbs UV radiation • Ozone • Molecule of 3 oxygen atoms

  8. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Mesosphere • Layer above the stratosphere • Coldest layer, -93˚C • Contains large wind storms • Winds will reach 320 km/hr

  9. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Ionosphere • Between the Mesosphere and Thermosphere • Area where gas particles will become electrically charged • Gives off different colors of light

  10. 15-1 Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Layers • Thermosphere • Layer above the mesosphere • Temperature will increase with altitude • Can reach 1,700˚C • Does not feel hot because particles are far apart

  11. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Energy • Radiation • The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves • Most is reflected • Controls convection and conduction

  12. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Energy • Conduction • The transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by direct contact • Always moves from warm to cold areas

  13. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Energy • Convection • Transfer of thermal energy by the circulation or movement of a liquid or gas • Convection current • Process of warm air rising and cool air sinking in a circular motion

  14. 15-2 Heating of the Atmosphere • Greenhouse Effect • Where gases in the atmosphere trap thermal energy • Allows energy in but will not let it out • If out of balance Earth will heat up

  15. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Air Movement • Wind • The movement of air • Created from a difference in pressure • Greater the difference the greater the speed • Forms because of the unequal heating of the Earth

  16. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Air Movement • Pressure Belts • Warm air from the equator rises and cold air from the poles sinks • As air warms it creates low pressure • Creates convection cells • The circular patterns caused by the rising and sinking of air

  17. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Air Movement • Coriolis Effect • Curving of wind by Earth’s rotation • N. Hemisphere curves to the right • S. Hemisphere curves to the left

  18. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Local Winds • Move short distances and blow from any direction • Global Winds • A pattern of air circulation that moves across the Earth

  19. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Trade Winds • Winds that blow from 30˚ latitude to the equator • Coriolis effect causes them to curve • Doldrums • Where the trade winds meet • Very little wind because of the warm rising air

  20. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Westerlies • Wind belt between 30˚ and 60˚ latitude • Flow toward the poles in opposite direction of the trade winds • Polar Easterlies • Wind belt that extends from the poles to 60˚ latitude • Form from cold sinking air

  21. 15-3 Pressure and Winds • Wind Types • Jet Stream • Narrow belts of high-speed winds • Blows around the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere • Does not follow a regular path • Local winds • Influenced by geography • Differences between land and water

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