CEE 4606 - Capstone II Structural Engineering

1. CEE 4606 - Capstone IIStructural Engineering Lecture 2 Design Considerations in the Third-World and an Introduction to Building Codes

2. Design Constraints and Considerations • Construction • Equipment • Material Availability • Processes • Material Testing • Concrete • Steel • Testing Results

3. Construction Equipment • Have: • Electricity (with occasional power loss) • Portable generator • Welding rig • 1 Concrete vibrator • Drills (with some bits) • Circular saw, table saw, hand saws • Hand tools (hammers, tape measures, shovels, etc.)

4. Construction Equipment • Do Not Have: • Concrete Mixer • Lifting Crane

5. Formwork and Other Heavy Objects Must be Carried by Hand

6. Construction Equipment • Do Not Have: • Concrete Mixer • Lifting Crane • Backhoe • or Concrete Trucks

7. Materials must be carried by hand ...

8. … or by wheelbarrow

10. Construction Materials • Wood • Plywood not readily available • Structural lumber very expensive • Some on site • Most lumber is cut by hand from trees on site

11. Hand-cut Lumber

12. Scaffolding and Formwork Must be Built by Hand

13. Construction Materials • Steel • Access to sheet metal, light gauge tubes, bars, ties, etc. • Rebar available, but sizes are limited • All bars and stirrups must be bent by hand

14. Rebar is Cleaned, Bent, and …

15. … Cut by Hand

16. Construction Materials • Concrete • Portland cement available (Type I) • Aggregates taken from nearby river

17. Oxcart Used to Haul Aggregates From Nearby River

18. Construction Materials • Concrete • Portland cement available (Type I) • Aggregates taken from nearby river • Concrete mixed by hand using shovels

19. Concrete is Hand-mixed with Shovels

20. A pile of dirt, cement, and a little water

21. Lots of shovels

22. Get the buckets

23. Construction Schedule • Keep this is mind when you are developing a construction schedule • Talk to past trip participants for approximate rates of “production”

24. Construction Materials • Concrete • Portland cement available (Type I) • Aggregates taken from nearby river • Concrete mixed by hand using shovels • No quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program

25. Concrete Mix Design • 3 wheelbarrows of sand • 3 wheelbarrows of aggregate • 2 bags of cement (94 lbs/bag) • 2 - 3+ five gallon buckets of water Note: 1 wheelbarrow = 2.5 bags of cement

26. Recommendations on the Cement Bag

27. Concrete Cylinders - ASTM Protocol?

28. Questionable Cylinders in 2000?

29. Quality Cylinders in 2002

30. 2000 - Cross Project Material Testing - Concrete • 3 cylinders were tested prior to trip (non-ASTM procedure) • 12 cylinders were taken from the cross pour • 3 cylinders tested at 7 days • 4 cylinders tested at 14 days • 3 cylinders tested at 21 days • 2 cylinders tested at 28 days

31. 2001 - Chapel Foundations Material Testing - Concrete • 3 cylinders remaining from the cross project were tested at 325 days • 15 cylinders were made from the many footing pours • 6 were tested at 14 days • 9 were tested at 28 days

32. 2000 and 2001 Concrete Test Data

33. Document The Construction Process This was the batch that the 680 psi cylinder came from

34. Dr. Gross says “no more water”

35. 2002 – 7 day breaks

36. 2002 – 28 day breaks

37. Material Testing - Steel • 2 samples of rebar were tested • Tested in tension to failure • Data collected • Bar Sizes • Yield Load • Ultimate Load

38. Steel Test Data • Develop a plan on what material (steel and concrete) samples you want your site representative to bring back

39. #16 bar! How good can this steel be ...

40. Labor • The workers at the orphanage take pride in their work • High quality of construction

41. Shoddy American Work, and ...

42. … Work Ethic

43. Posas Verdes, Honduras • Governing Code? • Any other information? • What are the next steps? • You’ve started looking at load paths • We need load types • We need to determine load combinations • Therefore, we need to decide on a code

44. Building Codes in the United States • SBC, BOCA, UBC, and IBC • UBC is primarily used in areas of high seismicity (Western US) • UBC vs. BOCA • Better information on seismic design • Excellent design aids • BOCA will be covered in CASE (?)

45. International Building Code, 2000 • UBC, 1997 will not be updated again • Move of the industry is away from the three different codes to one, IBC • Seismic provisions primarily based off of UBC requirements • We will use IBC, 2000 along with any information you can find • (handouts)

46. Chapter 16 – Structural Design 1602 – Definitions 1603 – Construction Documents (you’ll want to make sure your drawings comply with this section) 1604 – General Design Requirements (LRFD vs. ASD vs. strength)

47. 1604 – General Design Requirements 1604.2 – Strength 1604.3 – Serviceability • Deflection • Table 1604.3 • and/or Appropriate Code (ACI, AISC) 1604.5 – Importance Factors • (Table 1604.5) 1604.8 – Anchorage (roof designs)

48. Load Types • Dead Load • Live Load • Wind Load • Seismic (Earthquake) Load Are there any special considerations due to the location of our site?

49. 1605 – Load Combinations • LRFD • 6 combinations • Exceptions and other loads • ASD • 6 combinations • Exceptions and load reduction • Alternate combinations 1605.3.2 • Special seismic combinations

50. Section 1606 - Dead Loads • What are the dead loads that you must consider for this structure? • Roof and trusses • Masonry walls • Concrete beams, columns, and slabs • Stairs • Any other permanent fixtures