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Anatomy – Radiographic and otherwise…

Anatomy – Radiographic and otherwise…. Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute. Lesson Goals. Avian-specific anatomy Judge a radiograph for proper positioning and quality Identify boney structures Identify soft tissue structures Recognize common abnormalities.

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Anatomy – Radiographic and otherwise…

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  1. Anatomy – Radiographic and otherwise… Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  2. Lesson Goals • Avian-specific anatomy • Judge a radiograph for proper positioning and quality • Identify boney structures • Identify soft tissue structures • Recognize common abnormalities Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  3. Feathers • Remiges – wing feathers • 10 primaries • numbered 1 to 10 from the wrist • originate from the metacarpal and digit bones • 10+ secondaries (variable) • numbered 1 to 10 from the wrist • originate from the dorsal ulna periosteum Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  4. Feathers <- Primaries Secondaries-> 10 3 1 1 4 Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  5. Feathers • Retrices – tail feathers • 6 pairs numbered from the center Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  6. Feathers • Development • In blood – very fragile • Preening required for proper growth • Bandages can inhibit growth Protect the feathers! Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  7. Patagium • pp – propatagium • lp – ligamentum propatagialis • h – humerus • u - ulna 1 2 4 3 Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  8. Talons • Digits are numbered 1 to 4 starting from the hallux and going medially • Digits 1 and 2 are the most important • Talons are a thin layer of keratin over a boney core\phalange 1 2 4 3 Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  9. Beak • Talons are a thin layer of keratin over a boney core\phalange • Beak is a thin layer of keratin over a boney core Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  10. GI tract • Hawks have a crop. Owls do not • Two-part stomach • Proventriculus • Ventriculus – grinding stomach but not so much in raptors. Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  11. Respiratory tract • Trachea • Complete rings – do not use cuffed ET tube. • No diaphragm • Must move keel to breath. Do not hold to tightly. • Syrinx • Common place for obstructions • Source of voice Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  12. Respiratory tract • Air sacs • Cervicocephalic • infraorbital sinus – under eye • Cranial • cervical, clavicular, cranial thoracic • Caudal • caudal thoracic, abdominal • Extend into femur, humerus, vertebrae • They allow for easy endoscopic examination Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  13. Respiratory tract • Birds exchange O2 much more efficient. • Two cycles required for air to enter and leave. • Fresh air is always entering the lungs (on inspiration and exhalation) Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  14. Eyes • Shape • AP flattened – parrots, pigeons • Conical – hawks • Tubular – owls • Scleral ossicles • No extra-occular muscles • Lower lid is more mobile Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  15. Eyes • Iris contains striated muscle • Complete deccussation of nerve fibers • Retina • Avascular • No tapeturm lucidum • Pectin Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  16. Proper positioning - VD • Keel should overlay the spine • Legs should be pulled downward so that the elbows and stifles do not overlap • Wings pulled out symmetrically Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  17. Proper positioning - lateral • Acetabullae should overlap • Coracoids should overlap • Wings pulled back ( requires anesthesia) Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  18. Positioning Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  19. Positioning Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  20. Positioning Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  21. Shoulder joint Complex joint with many bones • Humerus • Pectoral crest • Ventral tubercle • Head of humerus • Coracoid • Scapula • Clavicle Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  22. Proximal wing • Humerus • Distal condyles • Ulna • Olecranon • Secondary feather attachements • Notice the curve • Radius Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  23. Distal wing • Ulna • Radius • Radial carpal bone • Ulnar carpal bone • Alula (D1) • Major metacarpal • Minor metacarpal • Phalanges of D2 Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  24. Pelvis • Synsacrum • Pelvis • Illium • Ischium • Pubis • Acetabullum • Femur • Head and neck • Pygostyle Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  25. Proximal leg • Femoral condyles • Patella and groove • Tibiotarsus (not tibia) • Fibula • Tibiotarsal condyles Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  26. Distal leg • Tibiotarsal condyles • Tarsometatasus • Hallux (1) • Metatarsal 1 • Digits 2-4 • Phalanges Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  27. Soft tissue structures - VD • Heart • Liver • “Hour-glass” • Lungs • Air sacs • Intestines • Ventriculus Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  28. Heart-liver “Hour glass” Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  29. Soft tissue structures - lateral • Lung • Heart • Liver • Spleen • Proventriculus • Ventriculus • Kidney • Acetabullae should overlap • Coracoids should overlap • Wings pulled back ( requires anesthesia) Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  30. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  31. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  32. Compared these two

  33. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  34. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  35. What do you see? Pre-op 2 weeks later Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  36. Fracture healing 6 weeks later Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  37. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  38. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  39. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  40. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  41. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  42. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  43. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  44. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  45. What do you see? Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  46. And finally… Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  47. References Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

  48. Questions? Dave Scott, DVM Carolina Raptor Center P.O. Box 16443 Charlotte, NC 28297 704-875-6521 Medical Environmental Research Learning INstitute

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