How are Cities Organized ?

1. Key Question: How are Cities Organized?

2. Zones of the City • Central business district (CBD) • Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) • Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)

3. AROUND THE WORLD CITIES

4. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery • Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) • African City (de Blij model) • Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

5. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford Model)

6. Latin American model • Generalized scheme both sensitive to local cultures and international forces, both Western and non-Western • In contrast to today’s cities in the U.S., the CBDs of Latin American cities are vibrant, dynamic, and increasingly specialized • A reliance on public transit that serves the central city • Existence of a large and relatively affluent population closest to CBD

7. The African City (de BlijModel)

8. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

9. Middle East: Mumbai, India

10. Modeling the North American City • Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) • Sector model (Homer Hoyt) • Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

11. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

12. Concentric zone model • Developed in 1925 by Ernest W. Burgess • A model with five zones.

13. Burgess’s Concentric Ring

14. Concentric zone model • A model with five zones. • Zone 1 • The central business district (CBD) • Zone 2 • Characterized by mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use --Often includes slums and skid rows • Zone 3 • The “workingmen’s quarters” • Zone 4 • Middle class area of “better housing” • Zone 5 • Consists of higher-income families

15. Another Example Of Concentric

16. Sector model • Homer Hoyt, an economist, presented his sector model in 1939 • Because these areas were reinforced by transportation routes, the pattern of their development was one of sectors or wedges

17. Hoyt’s Sector Model

18. Modeling Cities: sector model Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.

19. Multiple nuclei model • Suggested by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in 1945 • Maintained a city developed with equal intensity around various points • The CBD was not the sole generator of change

20. Ullman’s Multi Nuclei

21. Modeling Cities: multiple-nuclei Stresses the importance of multiple modes of activity, not a single CBD. Ports, airports, universities attract certain uses while repelling others.

22. Changes in Cities in the U.S. • Developed Countries: suburbanization • wealthy move to suburbs • automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’ • better services • wealthy move to suburbs • counterurbanization • idyllic settings • cost of land for retirement • slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

23. New Urbanism • Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. • some are concerned over privatization of public spaces • some are concerned that they do nothing to bread down the social conditions that create social ills of the cities • some believe they work against urban sprawl

24. The new urban landscape • Office parks (many offices locate together) • Shopping Malls • Master Planned Communities • Festival Settings • “Militarized Space (no benches..keep out homeless) • Decline Public Space (Skyway in cities) (malls vs stores)